清洁汽油生产过程中的蒸馏技术

汽油中的硫会增加汽车尾气中有害物质的排放，世界各国相继制定了越来越严格的规定，限制汽油中的硫含量。加氢技术虽然能够显著降低汽油中的硫含量，但却存在着烯烃饱和而导致辛烷值损失和氢耗高的问题。将汽油切割成不同的馏分段，根据其各自的组成特点选择不同的脱硫工艺，为这一问题提供了经济可行的解决方案。并针对汽油中硫和烯烃的分布特点，对不同汽油切割方案及蒸馏技术进行了分析。     

柴油机排出颗粒物致突变性研究

采用Ａｍｅｓ试验，检测６种国产和进口牌号柴油机排出颗粒物的诱变性，研究发现，６种柴油机排出颗粒物均呈阳性，其颗粒提取物和诱变性之间，存在剂量一反应关系。Ａｍｅｓ试验结果，主要引起ＴＡ９８－Ｓ９的回变菌落落数加，显示受试物中含有移码型直接致突物，试验还发现，国产和进口柴油机排出颗粒物的致突突变性，在怠速和加速工况下，其诱变活性有一定差异。     

Exposure to benzene,toluene, xylenes and total hydrocarbons among snowmobile drivers in Sweden

The exposure to benzene, toluene, xylenes and total hydrocarbons among 25 individuals exposed to exhaust from a snowmobile equipped with a two-stroke engine has been evaluated. Sampling was performed by pumped and diffusive sampling in parallel. There was a relatively bad agreement between the two air-sampling methods. The bad agreement can in part be explained by back diffusion of the substances from the samplers, a high face velocity, and deposition of droplets of unburned gasoline onto or in the vicinity of the samplers.

The levels of benzene ranged from not detectable (0.01 mg m⁻³) to 2.5 mg m⁻³. For toluene, xylenes and total hydrocarbons the exposure was 0.10–12.0, 0.05–13.0 and 0.90–273 mg m⁻³ respectively. The result from two measurements on individuals travelling on an open sleigh at the rear of the vehicle indicated higher levels of benzene, 0.7–0.8 mg m⁻³. Children are often riding as a passenger on a sledge and may thus have a higher exposure than their parents. This study indicates that spare time driving a snowmobile may cause a considerable exposure to benzene. Using a four-stroke engine equipped with a catalyst could reduce the exposure. To reduce the exposure for the passenger on a sleigh an extension of the exhaust pipe may be effective.     

Subsoil TPH and other petroleum fractions-contamination levels in an oil storage and distribution station in north-central Mexico

Many oil industry related sites have become contaminated due to the activities characteristic of this industry, such as oil exploration and production, refining, and petro-chemistry. In Mexico, reported hydrocarbon spills for the year 2000 amounted to 185 203, equivalent to 6252 tons (PEMEX, 2000). The first step for the remediation of these polluted sites is to assess the size and intensity of the oil contamination affecting the subsoil and groundwater, followed by a health risk assessment to establish clean up levels. The aim of this work was to characterize the soil and water in a north-central Mexico Oil Storage and Distribution Station (ODSS), in terms of TPHs, gasoline and diesel fractions, BTEX, PAHs, MTBE, and some metals. Besides, measurements of the explosivity index along the ODSS were made and we describe and discuss the risk health assessment analysis performed at the ODSS, as well as the recommendations arising from it. Considering soils with TPH concentrations higher than 2000 mg kg⁻¹, the contaminated areas corresponding to the railway zone is about 12 776.5 m², to the south of the storage tanks is about 6558 m², and to the south of the filling tanks is about 783 m². Total area to be treated is about 20 107 m² (volume of 20 107 m³), considering 1 m depth.     

Clearing the air: The costs and consequences of higher CAFE standards and increased gasoline taxes

Concerns about energy security and climate change have sparked legislators’ interest in reducing gasoline consumption by increasing corporate average fuel-economy (CAFE) standards. Using an empirically rich simulation model and cost estimates for anticipated fuel-economy technologies, we estimate annual costs of reducing long-run gasoline consumption by 10% via a 3.8 miles per gallon increase in the standards, and the potential cost savings from allowing manufacturers to buy and sell fuel-economy credits. Maximum gasoline savings would be realized only after all existing vehicles were replaced, or 14 years in our model. A gasoline tax would produce greater immediate savings by encouraging people to drive less, and eventually to choose more-fuel-efficient vehicles. We demonstrate the advantage of a tax by comparing the cost of the higher CAFE standards over the first 14 years against the cost of a gasoline tax that would save the same amount of gasoline over that time.     

Emissions of intermediate volatility organic compound from waste cooking oil biodiesel and marine gas oil on a ship auxiliary engine

Ship auxiliary engines contribute large amounts of air pollutants when at berth.Biodiesel,including that from waste cooking oil(WCO),can favor a reduction in the emission of primary pollutant when used with internal combustion engines.This study investigated the emissions of gaseous intermediate-volatile organic compounds(IVOCs) between WCO biodiesel and marine gas oil(MGO) to further understand the differences in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production of exhausts.Results revealed that WCO exhaust exhibited similar IVOC composition and volatility distribution to MGO exhaust,despite the differences between fuel contents.While WCO biodiesel could reduce IVOC emissions by 50% as compared to MGO,and thus reduced the SOA production from IVOCs.The compositions and volatility distributions of exhaust IVOCs varied to those of their fuels,implying that fuel-component-based SOA predicting model should be used with more cautions when assessing SOA production of WCO and MGO exhausts.WCO biodiesel is a cleaner fuel comparing to conventional MGO on ship auxiliary engines with regard to the reductions in gaseous IVOC emissions and corresponding SOA productions.Although the tests were conducted on test bench,the results could be considered as representative due to the widely applications of the test engine and MGO fuel on real-world ships.     

民用飞机油箱口盖抗低能量发动机碎片冲击适航验证技术研究

目的 依据适航条款CCAR25.963-e-1的要求,对民用飞机油箱口盖抗低能量发动机碎片冲击能力的适航符合性进行研究。方法 根据适航验证工作需要,制定了飞机油箱口盖抗低能量发动机碎片冲击的适航符合性验证流程,明确了适航取证需要考虑的油箱口盖范围和撞击角度,建立了发动机碎片有限元模型,开展了油箱口盖抗发动机碎片冲击的仿真分析与试验室试验。结果 仿真结果与试验结果对比分析后,二者基本一致,仿真分析基本能预测试验结果。结论 该仿真分析方法可供飞机口盖抗碎片冲击设计使用,该油箱口盖抗低能量碎片冲击适航符合性验证流程可供相似飞机适航取证参考使用。     

海洋平台主机烟气排放对直升机影响数值分析

目的确保南海A钻采平台直升机安全起降,直升机全年不可用概率控制在10%以内。方法通过Fluent软件数值模拟多工况、多风向风速下高温烟气在直升机甲板上方及周围空间的流动、温升及湍流分布规律,以CAP43-7标准所推荐直升机起飞和降落的安全原则为判定依据,分析计算温升和湍流对直升机起飞和降落的全年影响概率。结果综合得出直升机不可用概率理论值,M1工况为8%,M2工况为9%。结论模拟计算结果为平台主机烟管及直升机甲板布置方案的确定提供理论依据,为平台直升机起降操作起到指导作用。     

燃气发动机瞬态工况下NOx排放特征

NO_x排放控制是发展燃气汽车的核心问题.为获得增压中冷燃气发动机瞬态工况NO_x的排放特征,实验选取了6MK375N-50增压中冷燃气发动机,研究了不同转速、转矩、进气流量、进气温度及湿度对NO_x排放的影响.试验结果表明NO_x的排放随着转速的增加先升高后减缓,转速为1400 r·min-1时NO_x排放最高,转矩的增加也会使NO_x排放增加,随着进气流量的增加,NO_x排放量先增加后稳定,进气流量为180 kg·h~(-1)时NO_x排放最高,进气温度对NO_x排放也有直接影响,进气温度为31℃时NO_x排放最高,随着进气湿度的增加,NO_x排放水平降低,对试验结果的双因素方差分析得到,各影响因素对NO_x的排放影响均非常显著.对1400 r·min-1下各个工况对应NO_x进行拟合,变化规律符合公式y=a-b×ln(x+c).     

Biodegradation modelling of a dissolved gasoline plume applying independent laboratory and field parameters

Biodegradation of organic contaminants in groundwater is a microscale process which is often observed on scales of 100s of metres or larger. Unfortunately, there are no known equivalent parameters for characterizing the biodegradation process at the macroscale as there are, for example, in the case of hydrodynamic dispersion. Zero- and first-order degradation rates estimated at the laboratory scale by model fitting generally overpredict the rate of biodegradation when applied to the field scale because limited electron acceptor availability and microbial growth are not considered. On the other hand, field-estimated zero- and first-order rates are often not suitable for predicting plume development because they may oversimplify or neglect several key field scale processes, phenomena and characteristics. This study uses the numerical model BIO3D to link the laboratory and field scales by applying laboratory-derived Monod kinetic degradation parameters to simulate a dissolved gasoline field experiment at the Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Borden. All input parameters were derived from independent laboratory and field measurements or taken from the literature a priori to the simulations. The simulated results match the experimental results reasonably well without model calibration. A sensitivity analysis on the most uncertain input parameters showed only a minor influence on the simulation results. Furthermore, it is shown that the flow field, the amount of electron acceptor (oxygen) available, and the Monod kinetic parameters have a significant influence on the simulated results. It is concluded that laboratory-derived Monod kinetic parameters can adequately describe field scale degradation, provided all controlling factors are incorporated in the field scale model. These factors include advective–dispersive transport of multiple contaminants and electron acceptors and large-scale spatial heterogeneities.