云南省热区农业气候、土地资源图的编制

本文采用农业气候分类与土地特征(地貌、坡度)分级相结合的方法编制云南省热区图。这是用一张图,在同一块图斑上同时表示出农业气候和土地两种专业内容特征;按土地和气候的本来面目分型划类,并量算出各类型分区域的土地面积。这是一次新的尝试,以期使科学性和实用性能较好地结合起来。     

Self-Organizing Maps for Integrated Environmental Assessment of the Mid-Atlantic Region

A new method has been developed to perform environmental assessment at regional scale. This involves a combination of a self-organizing map (SOM) neural network and principal component analysis (PCA). The method is capable of clustering ecosystems in terms of environmental conditions and suggesting relative cumulative environmental impacts of multiple factors across a large region. Using data on land-cover, population, roads, streams, air pollution, and topography of the Mid-Atlantic region, the method was able to indicate areas that are in relatively poor environmental condition or vulnerable to future deterioration. Combining the strengths of SOM with those of PCA, the method offers an easy and useful way to perform a regional environmental assessment. Compared with traditional clustering and ranking approaches, the described method has considerable advantages, such as providing a valuable means for visualizing complex multidimensional environmental data at multiple scales and offering a single assessment or ranking needed for a regional environmental assessment while still facilitating the opportunity for more detailed analyses.     

Can machines recognise stress in plants?

In this paper we show that chlorophyll a fluorescence signals analysed with the self-organizing map (SOM) can be used as a routine tool for the monitoring and classification of pea varieties (Pisum sativum) according to their degree of resistance against drought stress. Fluorescence kinetics measurements were obtained from non-stressed plants. The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of artificial intelligence techniques in eco-physiological research. Our goal is to provide a fast tool that will contribute to the knowledge needed to develop strategies that would help to decrease the impact of environmental stress in agriculture and forestry.     

中国建筑抗震设计规范的演变与展望

地震区划图是编制抗震设计规范的基础资料。本文回顾了中国地震区划图和建筑抗震设计规范的发展简史,对1 956、1977、1990和2001年编制的中国地震区划图进行了简要比较,指出了4代区划图的差异;对1959、1964、1974、1989和2002年编制的中国建筑抗震设计规范或草案的抗震设计原则进行了比较,详细比较了5部规范或草案中关于地震作用的计算方法、场地分类和地基抗震有关规定的异同点,简要讨论了建筑抗震设计规范的发展方向。     

基于典型线路地质灾害调查成果进行地质灾害区划评价的研究

根据影响区域地质灾害发生的地质因素、地形因素、诱发因素和人为因素,在工作区上选取典型线路开展地质灾害发生发育状况调查,根据调查成果总结规律,提取影响因子,建立区域地质灾害评价指标体系,对典型线路穿越的评价试验区进行地质灾害区域评价,验证线路成果应用于区域地质灾害评价的可行性,对于调查人员无法涉足、遥感技术难以应用的地区的地质灾害的评价工作有重要价值。     

基于支持向量机的地震灾害自动成图方法

地震灾害风险评估中有许多定性图件,目前常用的成图方法是根据研究区的离散点钻孔结果人工勾画,费时费力;或对离散点钻孔结果强制赋予0、1数值,然后进行插值成图,其从逻辑上不能真实反映场地的客观情况。基于支持向量机技术,该文提出了使用分类工具SVC,将不同结果的离散点钻孔在空间上进行合理分类的自动成图方法。相较于传统方法,该方法效率高,成本低。     

Pre-evacuation path planning in chemicals-concentrated areas with risk assessment and individual character analysis

With the ever-increasing development of those chemical parks (concentrated areas), the inherent hazards may remain the major leading cause of serious casualties, causing dramatic increases in deaths and injuries. Despite this, proper path beforehand can effectively minimise the number of deaths or injured. In this study, in order to better address the aforesaid issue, the pre-evacuation path planning was adopted to do so. This method can serve to prepare emergency response in case of extreme events, such as fires, explosions, or dangerous leakages, because these accidents could happen in chemical parks (concentrated areas). To that end, a framework was therefore proposed. First, the general risk representation was conducted. After the main hazards as well as the vulnerability within the facilities was identified, the interaction between those two factors could be expressed with matrices. This was followed by the analysis of the domino effect, which tends to occur under such circumstances. Second, individuals' visibility and inclination at each location to choose the nearest exit gate or shelter zone were analyzed by space syntax analysis. Third, a weighted risk map mainly composed of risk, individual's visibility, and inclination of exits was therefore generated. And the lowest cumulative risk path was simulated and analyzed accordingly. Finally, the map modified with received risks suggests that each individual's safest route from their current locations can be possibly simulated with Dijkstra's algorithm, which corresponds to the lowest cumulative risk. For the purposes of illustration and validation, a real case was adopted. The results demonstrated that this framework could provide both technical and theoretical support for the pre-evacuation path planning in chemicals-concentrated areas like chemicals-concentrated areas.     

A new multiple-risk map approach to solve process plant layout considering safety and economic aspects

Mathematical models used to optimize the process plant layout (PPL) with risk reduction have four primary objectives, which are related to the minimization of land, pumping (pipe system), protection system devices, and risk costs. Moreover, these models are of two types: continuous plane models (CPM) and grid-based models (GBM); however, the nonconvexity of the CPM models makes difficult to achieve the global optimum, because it is formulated as Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP). Thus, the risk map approach has been implemented with the grid-based models to solve problems of process plant layout focused on finding the best possible solution. However, these risk map formulations present important limitations, mainly related with the use of protection devices and the occupied area. Therefore, a new GBM-MILP formulation is proposed to optimize the selection of protection devices and minimize the occupied area. The risk is reduced through the investment on safety devices instead of considering the increase of separation distances. The proposed model was used to solve the layout problem of an ethylene oxide process, and the results was compared with a process layout reported in the literature. The results show that the model can provide the best possible solution; however, the time spent in the calculation is considerably greater than that reported for continuous plane models. Finally, the model can be used by decision-makers to evaluate different layout options for several explosion scenarios, during the early stages of the plant design.     

Meteorological conditions at the release site during the two tracer experiments

The state of the boundary layer at the release site during the two tracer experiments is described, based on measurements of atmospheric turbulence carried out by a sonic anemometer, profiles of horizontal and vertical wind by a SODAR as well as frequent radiosonde releases. The boundary layer height is derived from radiosoundings, modelled and discussed. The study is meant as background for discussions of the tracer behaviour near the release site, and possible influence of the local meteorology at the release site on the long-range dispersion. The difference in the initial meso-meteorological conditions between the two experiments is discussed and some of its consequences for the dispersion of the released tracer are clarified. It is concluded that the first experiment is well suited for validation of long-range transport and dispersion models, whereas the second experiment calls for further model development. It is concluded that the micrometeorological measurements are very important as background information for the understanding of plume behaviour on small as well as long scales.     

大气环境及腐蚀性

根据近年来国内外对大气环境和腐蚀性的研究成果．描述了大气环境及腐蚀性的研究状况,介绍了国际标准化组织的分类分级标准和我国大气环境的腐蚀性的分类分级的探讨性研究以及大气腐蚀图的研究。