大气环境及腐蚀性

根据近年来国内外对大气环境和腐蚀性的研究成果．描述了大气环境及腐蚀性的研究状况,介绍了国际标准化组织的分类分级标准和我国大气环境的腐蚀性的分类分级的探讨性研究以及大气腐蚀图的研究。     

全国大气润湿时间分布分析软件开发

软件以小方块在地图上标注全国195个地区的实际位置,按ISO 9223标准对各地区的年润湿时间进行分级,并以不同的颜色对应不同的等级。使用软件可查询1991年至2000年全国195个地区大气润湿时间的分布状况;不同临界相对湿度的润湿时间;各年润湿时间的变化规律情况,包括10年润湿时间的平均值和标准差;年润湿时间在各温度段所占的比例。     

Using MCDA and GIS for hazardous waste landfill siting considering land scarcity for waste disposal

The main aim of this study was to develop a procedure that minimizes the wasting of space for the siting of hazardous waste landfills as part of a solid waste management system. We wanted to tackle the shortage of land for waste disposal that is a serious and growing problem in most large urban regions. The procedure combines a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach with a geographical information system (GIS). The GIS was utilised to obtain an initial screening in order to eliminate unsuitable areas, whereas the MCDA was developed to select the most suitable sites. The novelty of the proposed siting procedure is the introduction of a new screening phase before the macro-siting step aimed at producing a “land use map of potentially suitable areas” for the siting of solid waste facilities which simultaneously takes into consideration all plant types. The issue of obtaining sites evaluations of a specific facility was coupled with the issue of not wasting land appropriate to facilitate other types of waste management options. In the developed case study, the use of an innovative criteria weighting tool (the “Priority Scale”) in combination with the Analytic Hierarchy Process was useful to easier define the priorities of the evaluation criteria in comparison with other classic methods such as the Paired Comparison Technique in combination with the Simple Additive Weighting method.     

A systematic survey of the integration of animal behavior into conservation

The role of behavioral ecology in improving wildlife conservation and management has been the subject of much recent debate. We sought to answer 2 foundational questions about the current use of behavioral knowledge in conservation: To what extent is behavioral knowledge used in wildlife conservation and management, and how does the use of animal behavior differ among conservation fields in both frequency and types of use? We searched the literature for intersections between key fields of animal behavior and conservation and created a systematic heat map (i.e., graphical representation of data where values are represented as colors) to visualize relative efforts. Some behaviors, such as dispersal and foraging, were commonly considered (mean [SE] of 1147.38 [353.11] and 439.44 [108.85] papers per cell, respectively). In contrast, other behaviors, such as learning, social, and antipredatory behaviors were rarely considered (mean [SE] of 33.88 [7.62], 44.81 [10.65], and 22.69 [6.37] papers per cell, respectively). In many cases, awareness of the importance of behavior did not translate into applicable management tools. Our results challenge previous suggestions that there is little association between the fields of behavioral ecology and conservation and reveals tremendous variation in the use of different behaviors in conservation. We recommend that researchers focus on examining underutilized intersections of behavior and conservation themes for which preliminary work shows a potential for improving conservation and management, translating behavioral theory into applicable and testable predictions, and creating systematic reviews to summarize the behavioral evidence within the behavior‐conservation intersections for which many studies exist.     

曝气参数对短程硝化的影响及氮素等高线分析

采用间歇曝气SBR工艺处理实际生活污水,在温度为（26±0.5）℃,pH值为（7.2±0.2）时,考察曝气强度和曝气密度两种曝气参数对实现稳定短程硝化的影响,设计批次试验采用等高线及其剖面图探究NH₄⁺-N去除率（ARE）和NO₂^--N积累率（NiAR）.结果表明：控制曝气密度为12时,高曝气强度（2L/（L×h））下,可实现67.10%的ARE和95%的NiAR;控制曝气强度为2L/（L×h）,在曝气密度分别为6、8和12时,ARE分别在40、37、22周期达到71.40%、52.36%和59.60%,NiAR分别增大至98.94%、96.72%和98.20%.对批次试验结果进行等高线分析,曝气强度和曝气密度均会对ARE和NiAR有影响,在曝气强度为和曝气密度分别为2L/（L×h）和15时,ARE和NiAR分别高达77%和99%.     

Reflexive assessment of practical and holistic sanitation development tools using the rural and peri-urban case of Mexico

Lack of sanitation affects the lives of billions of people worldwide. It is now generally agreed that sustainable solutions to this complex problem require social and cultural factors to be addressed in addition to the habitual economic and technical aspects. Increasingly, sector professionals view the fragmented approaches to sanitation as a limiting factor. This refers to the fragmentation of the knowledge on the subject among often hermetic disciplines and to the distribution of political mandates on sanitation across many institutions, which independently tackle specific aspects of the issue. Holistic approaches have often been suggested as a solution. This paper presents the development of such a holistic approach, designed to assess sanitation development in rural and peri-urban settings. Tested in three Mexican communities, it relies on qualitative research tools to identify critical influences to sanitation development. This article presents generic results about micro and macro-factors affecting sanitation development in Mexican villages, and reflexively examines the research process as well as the strengths and limitations of the approach. The conceptual map developed for each case study successfully highlights the interconnectedness of all factors affecting sanitation development. Despite some weaknesses, these maps constitute a practical assessment tool for interdisciplinary teams deployed in integrated water and sanitation development programs and a valuable didactic tool for training activities.     

Detection of small leakage from long transportation pipeline with complex noise

In the long distance pipeline remote monitoring system, small leak detection becomes an important issue. Weak singularities in small leak signals are usually difficult to detect precisely under complicated noise background, which may cause false alarm or miss alarm. The advantage of applying the harmonic wavelet method is explored in this paper. Pipeline small leak sensitive characteristics are recognized and the negative pressure wave inflexions are extracted by harmonic wavelet analysis, expressed in terms of harmonic wavelet time-frequency mesh map, time-frequency contour map, and time-frequency profile plot. This paper also presents a comparative study of both Daubechies wavelet and harmonic wavelet analysis when applied to pipeline small leak detection under complicated background noises. Results of simulating test and field experiment show that it is possible to distinguish weak non-stationarities from complicated noises by harmonic wavelet analysis in pipeline small leak detection system. The comparison clearly illustrates that harmonic wavelet based pipeline small leakage detection method is significantly more accurate than other wavelets analysis such as Daubechies wavelet. This work provides a reliable and safe guarantee for oil and gas long distance transportation, reducing petroleum product losses and protecting surrounding environment.     

近30 a基本农田领域研究态势的可视化分析

论文通过收集"基本农田"为关键词的537篇检索文献,建立关键词共现关系聚类图谱与时区图谱,以Citespace可视化分析法分析近30 a(1986—2015年)中国基本农田领域研究的发展态势。研究结果表明:1)基本农田领域的研究聚类集中在基本农田保护、评价、划定以及建设等4个领域,研究内容与方法侧重点不同;2)基本农田研究内涵及内容体系丰富,具有明显的时代性特征,并且具有明显的地域差异性和时间变异性;3)基本农田研究还存在一定的共性问题,一是基本农田划定与评价指标体系过于笼统,评价体系缺乏协调性,二是缺少各级别的基金资助与支持。研究建议:基本农田评价与划定标准体系要考虑区域特征与需求;基本农田研究要适应土地利用规划及土地整治等国家战略要求;同时,基本农田研究应是一项科学问题,要发展成为国家自然基金等资助的重要检索关键词与申报领域。     

基于GIS技术的工业废气主要污染物排放电子地图表征

简要介绍了辽宁省污染源动态管理地理信息系统,并依托该系统完成了基础环境数据与电子地图的关联编辑,用直观图片表征了辽宁省工业废气主要污染物区域排放情况。