天津市PM2.5中二次硝酸盐形成及防控

二次硝酸盐是PM_2.5中的重要二次无机离子组分,为了解PM_2.5中二次硝酸盐的形成及防控途径,基于天津市城区点位2018~2019年高时间分辨率的PM_2.5在线监测数据,对气溶胶颗粒物的离子组分、pH值、NH₃-NH₄⁺和HNO₃-NO₃^-浓度分布以及硝酸铵形成的敏感性进行了研究.结果表明,天津PM_2.5平均浓度为58μg·m^-3,PM_2.5中主要离子组分为NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-和K⁺,在PM_2.5中的占比分别为18.4%、11.6%、10.3%、3.3%和2.6%,PM_2.5及主要组分浓度均在采暖季高、非采暖季低.气溶胶颗粒物整体呈现弱酸性,平均pH值为5.21,季节分布为春冬季节高、夏秋季节低,日变化趋势表现为早间（00：00~08：00）低,其他时间略高.NH₃和HNO₃的平均浓度水平分别为16.7μg·m^-3和1.2μg·m^-3,NH₃浓度在每年的4~9月相对较高,10月~次年2月浓度相对较低;HNO₃浓度水平月际变化不明显.除夏季外,其他季节NH₃浓度均为早晚较高,其他时段较低;HNO₃浓度整体呈现白天相对略高,晚上相对略低的特点.不同pH值下NH₃与NH₄⁺、HNO₃与NO₃^-的浓度分布呈现明显的非线性关系,早晚NH₄⁺与NO₃^-的浓度均较高,pH值与NH₃和NH₄⁺以及HNO₃与NO₃^-的浓度分布均为非线性.敏感性图表明,2018~2019年天津市硝酸铵的形成主要处于HNO₃敏感区域,部分处于NH₃&HNO₃敏感区域.从季节分布上看,春季、秋季和冬季硝酸铵的形成主要处于HNO₃敏感区域,夏季硝酸铵的形成主要处于HNO₃和NH₃&HNO₃敏感区域.为有效减少天津市PM_2.5中二次硝酸盐的形成,春季、秋季和冬季主要开展HNO₃前体物（NO_x）的控制,夏季主要开展HNO₃前体物（NO_x）和NH₃的协同控制.     

基于GIS的地震构造信息系统

本文讨论了地震构造信息系统的建造和信息管理。系统是以GIS工具软件ARC/INFO为开发平台建造的,原始资料复盖华北地区的大部,约北纬35～41度,东经109～120度。系统包括活动断裂、破坏性地震、仪器记录地震等信息。本文深入研究了GIS做为信息管理工具的能力,探讨了GIS在地震区划图编制中可能起到的作用。系统能使地震危险分析中信息管理方式、信息管理效率和利用率有质的改进,在某种程度上减小资料利用不充分和人为任意性引起的不确定性。作为一种探索,本文进行了一系列的空间操作和分析,以研究空间特征之间的相关性,并产生新的数据集合。     

Invasion with stage-structured coupled map lattices: Application to the spread of scentless chamomile

Two fundamental aspects of invasion dynamics are population growth and population spread. These quantities have been subject of study in biological invasions and can be used to study management and control of organisms. In this paper we derive formulae to calculate wave speed and rates of spread for coupled map lattices. Coupled map lattice models are dynamical models where space and time are discrete. We also show how wave speed and rate of spread can be calculated for structured population coupled map lattices in deterministic, stochastic environments and heterogeneous landscapes. Coupled map lattices are simple mathematical models that can be easily linked to landscape data to study invading organisms control strategies.     

Assessing water quality of drinking water distribution system in the South Taiwan

This investigation conducted a full-scale survey the drinking water distribution system in Kaohsiung city, Taiwan. The aim was to investigate whether the distribution system was capable of maintaining high water quality from the water treatment facilities through to the end user. The results showed that the distribution system can maintain high water quality, except for suitable chlorine residuals. The authors plotted chlorine residual contour maps to identify areas with low chlorine residuals, helping them prioritize sections that must be flushed or renewal. The contour maps also provide sufficient and clear information for locating booster chlorination stations. Contour maps enable water facilities to identify how water quality decays in the distribution systems and the locations of such decay. Water quality decay can be caused by properties of pipeline materials, hydraulic conditions, and/or biofilm thickness. However, understanding the exact reasons is unnecessary because the contour maps provide sufficient information for trouble-shooting the distribution systems.     

Development of categorical mapping for quantitative assessment of eutrophication

Spatial distribution of nutrient and phytoplankton variables is often illustrated using categorical mapping for each variable. However, the assessment of eutrophication cannot be derived from a single parameter since a synthesis of the environmental variables related to eutrophication is required. These shortcomings are further complicated since it is difficult to discriminate between distinct trophic states along natural environmental gradients. In the present work, a methodological procedure for quantitative assessment of eutrophication at a spatial scale was examined in the Gulf of Saronicos, Greece, based on a thematic map generated from the synthesis of four variables characterising eutrophication. The categorical map of each variable was developed using the Kriging interpolation method and four trophic levels were indicated (eutrophic, upper-mesotrophic, lower-mesotrophic and oligotrophic) based on nutrient and phytoplankton concentration scaling. Multi-criteria choice methods were applied to generate a final categorical map showing the four trophic levels in the area. This synthesis of categorical maps for assessing eutrophication at a spatial scale is proposed as a methodological procedure appropriate for coastal management studies.     

The Impact of Urbanization and Protection of Water Resources in Owerri and Environs SE, Nigeria

Untreated sewage and agriculture are the most important sources of contamination. The study was carried out by conducting a short-term surface water and groundwater pollution survey of the Owerri Urban area and its environs, in order to establish the current levels of pollution. An attempt has been made to show the relationships between pollution levels, population density, industrial and agricultural activities. The spatial distribution of pollutants due to a poor land use system and to human activities was investigated. This emphasises integrated planned development as a preventive measure for arresting pollution levels in fast growing urban centres. The total groundwater stored in the area amounts to 7.87 × 10⁹ m³. Twenty five percent of this is released as base flow into the adjacent rivers (Otamiri and Nworie). The annual groundwater recharge is 3.4 × 10⁹ m³. The enormous volume of groundwater stored and the comparatively low cost of development makes groundwater an excellent alternative supply source for the area (Uma et al., 1984).     

Near-miss在知识图谱下的演化路径与发展前沿可视化分析

为了直观展现Near-miss在国内外的研究现状,把握其热点演化路径,同时预测今后的研究趋势,以Web of Science核心合集和CNKI中1995—2020年共计989篇相关文献为研究对象,借助Citespace软件,通过共现图谱、高频词统计、时区图和热词突现等方式对Near-miss在国内外的研究进展进行可视化对比分析。研究结果表明：国内外Near-miss研究在发展趋势、主要研究群体和机构、热点演化路径和前沿趋势等方面均存在一定差异,“风险管理”、“施工安全”和“事故防御”是Near-miss未来的研究趋势。     

氯苯降解性质粒pL1限制性酶消化和物理图谱

大量提取Ｌ１菌质粒并用低熔点琼脂糖回收。用５种限制性核酸内切酶消化，所得片段数分别是：ＨｉｎｄⅢ４，ＢａｎＨⅠ１６，ＸｂａⅠ４，ＰｓｔⅠ１５，ＳｍａⅠ１２。从各片段的累加测出该质粒的平均大小约为９２．５ｋｂ，分子量为６０．０９×１０＾６ｄａｌｔｏｎ。在单酶消化的基础上，用ＨｉｎｄⅢ／ＸｂａⅠ、ＨｉｎｄⅢ／ＢａｎＨⅠ、ＸＢａⅠ／ＢａｎＨⅠ双酶消化，以及ＢａｍＨⅠ部分消化，由此组建了ＨｉｎｄⅢ／Ｘｂａ     

Soil seed bank and seedling populations of Hordeum murinum and Cardaria draba in saffron fields

Geostatistical techniques were used to characterize the spatial relationship between Hordeum murinum and Cardaria draba seedling and soil seed bank over the entire growing season of 2004–2005 in three saffron (Crocus sativus) fields, located in Southern Khorasan (33°N latitude, 57°E longitude), Iran. The maps of H. murinum seed bank density corresponded moderately to those seedling density in a and strongly to those in b and c fields. The emergence percentage of C. draba was higher than for H. murinum in all fields. Semivariograms showed spatial autocorrelation in seed bank and seedling populations of H. murinum and C. draba in all fields. Grey-scale field maps of C. draba seed banks corresponded visually to maps of seedling populations and could have been used to target control efforts, but visual correspondence between H. murinum seed bank and seedling maps was poor.     

Spatio-temporal patterns in county-level incidence and reporting of Lyme disease in the northeastern United States, 1990–2000

We present an exploratory analysis of reported county-specific incidence of Lyme disease in the northeastern United States for the years 1990–2000. We briefly review the disease ecology of Lyme disease and the use of risk maps to describe local incidence as estimates of local risk of disease. We place the relevant elements of local environmental and ecological variables, local disease incidence, and (importantly) local disease reporting in a conceptual context to frame our analysis. We then apply hierarchical linear models of increasing complexity to summarize observed patterns in reported incidence, borrowing information across counties to improve local precision. We find areas of increasing incidence in the central northeastern Atlantic coast counties, increasing incidence branching to the north and west, and an area of fairly stable and slightly decreasing reported incidence in western New York.