Using the guild concept in the assessment of tree harvesting effects on understory herbs: A cautionary note

To help determine whether plants should be grouped into guilds for environmental impact assessment, the responses of six members of a guild of deciduous forest herbs to selective tree harvesting were compared. Harvesting operations themselves (tree cutting and skidding) had little effect on five of the six species but the sixth species decreased more in cut plots than in uncut plots. Subsequent microclimatic changes, resulting from tree cutting, also affected guild members differently. In the first year after cutting, two species increased more in cut plots than in uncut plots, while three other species did not change in frequency of occurrence and the sixth species decreased more in cut plots than in uncut plots. This inconsistent response of guild members to tree harvesting suggests that caution should be exercised in using guilds to assess plant response to environmental change.     

痕量金属缺乏症引起的污泥丝状菌膨胀及其控制

本文在简要描述活性污泥处理过程中有机物降解及微生物增长对营养的需求的基础上,对由痕量金属缺乏症引起的污泥丝状菌膨胀问题进行了分析,说明了在处理过程中生长速率缓慢的丝状菌大量繁殖,而生长速率快速的絮凝微生物受到抑制的原因。本文还介绍了用补充痕量金属的方法成功地控制丝状性污泥膨胀的几个实例。     

雨水资源集蓄利用研究综述

由于干旱、人口增长、地表水地下水污染等问题 ,人们对雨水资源的开发利用产生了极大的兴趣并进行了广泛的研究 ,而且已初步显示出雨水资源开发利用的巨大潜力。文中对雨水的汇集、蓄存、利用技术,雨水利用对区域环境的影响,雨水资源的评价,雨水利用的效益评估等方面的最新研究进行了全面的分析总结 ,同时 ,提出了目前研究中亟待解决的问题。     

人工富集微生物技术对太湖梅梁湾水源地氮磷的去除研究

采用2种载体(PM和ACP)进行人工富集微生物的方法,来去除太湖梅梁湾水源地水中的氮磷污染物。通过研究不同的载体密度和水力停留时间对去除效率的影响,中试结果表明:当载体密度为13.1%,停留时间为7d,源水中ρ(TN)为2.95～6.41mg·L-1,ρ(NH4 -N)为0.49～3.31mg·L-1,ρ(NO2--N)为0.07～0.51mg·L-1,ρ(TP)为0.084￣0.25mg·L-1,ρ(PO4--P)为0.005～0.059mg·L-1的条件下,人工富集微生物技术对TN,NH4 -N,NO2--N,TP,PO4--P的平均去除率最高分别达到22.68%,57.08%,88.83%,45.36%,29.58%,可见利用人工富集微生物技术能有效去除水源地中的氮磷营养盐,对富营养化水源地水体的水质有明显的改善作用。     

重金属镉污染土壤的微生物影响研究进展

镉污染严重影响了土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤基础呼吸、土壤酶活性以及种群结构,破坏了土壤微生物的正常组成区系,抑制了土壤微生物代谢功能,降低了土壤微生物活性,造成土壤重金属污染,威胁到人类生活健康。近二十年来,研究土壤微生物与土壤重金属污染之间的关系已成为国内外环境科学领域的一个热点,而镉污染对土壤微生物生物量、微生物活性、群落结构影响研究也已取得一定进展,可为镉污染土壤微生物修复技术提供理论依据。     

Transport of citrate and polymer coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in porous media: Effect of surface property and Darcy velocity

With the release of nanoparticles(NPs) into the subsurface,it is imperative to better understand the fate and transport of NPs in porous media.Three types of stable AuNPs were used as model NPs to investigate the impact of surface coatings(type and coverage) and water velocity on the NP transport in a porous media(column studies).The NPs were electrostatic stabilized citrate AuNPs and sterically stabilized AuNPs with amphiphilic block co-polymer(PVA-COOH) in two particle/polymer ratios(weak vs.strong stabilization).The citrate AuNPs transport was sensitive to ionic changes in the mixing front of the plume,where destabilization occurred,and will therefore depend on the size/type of release.Blocking of deposition sites by aggregates was seen to facilitate transport,whereby a higher flow velocity(larger shadow zone) also resulted in better transport.The polymeric surface coating had great impact with steric repulsion as a main force contributing to the transport of NPs in the porous media.Sufficient polymer coating was crucial to obtain highly unfavorable attachment conditions(very low α) where the enhanced NP mobility was independent of the water velocity(comparable to solute tracer).Without sufficient steric stabilization,the transport and recovery was significantly reduced compared to the solute tracer,but increased with increasing water velocity.This highlights the importance of sufficient surface coating to achieve enhanced mobility,but also the increased risk of spreading to down-gradient receptors.For the(weakly) sterically stabilized NPs,the loss of polymer through ligand exchange with the porous media negates transport.     

红树林土壤微生物对甲胺磷的降解

连续３年（ａ）的试验结果表明：红树林土壤微生物对农药甲胺磷有较强的降解能力,其降解率是同潮带无红树林土壤微生物的２－３倍;红树林土壤中存在着降解甲胺 磷的优势细菌类群,从中筛选得一株高效降解菌,其降解率可达７０％以上（１２ｄ后）;混合菌的降解能力优于单株菌;优势降解菌在一定浓度的甲胺磷、适宜的通气、温度和光照等条件下,可发挥更佳的降解作用;在降解过程中,降解优势细菌类群有着明显菌群变化,那种一直占     

三种空气微生物采样方法的比较

在室内自然条件下，对三种空气微生物采样方法进行比较。结果表明，ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ采样器法，ＬＷＣ－１笄样器法和平皿沉降法测定的室内空气微生物粒子浓度分别为２６３４个／ｍ＾％３，２３９５个／ｍ＾３和１３８０个／ｍ＾３，ＬＷＣ－１型和ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ二种采样器的采样结果之间没有明显差异，二种采样器的采样结果均明显高于平皿沉降法的采样结果。ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ采样器的采样效率高，且可同时测定空气微生物粒子的浓     

Characterization of colloidal arsenic at two abandoned gold mine sites in Nova Scotia, Canada, using asymmetric flow-field flow fractionation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Asymmetric flow-field flow fractionation-inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to determine whether colloidal arsenic(As) exists in soil pore water and soil extract samples at two arsenic-contaminated abandoned gold mines(Montague and Goldenville, Nova Scotia). Colloidal arsenic was found in 12 out of the 80 collected samples(= 15%), and was primarily associated with iron(Fe) in the encountered colloids. The molar Fe/As ratios indicate that the colloids in some samples appeared to be discrete iron–arsenic minerals, whereas in other samples, they were more consistent with As-rich iron(oxy)hydroxides. Up to three discrete size fractions of colloidal As were encountered in the samples, with mean colloid diameters between 6 and 14 nm. The pore water samples only contained one size fraction of As-bearing colloids(around 6 nm diameter), while larger As-bearing colloids were only encountered in soil extracts.     

Watershed development in India. 2. New approaches for managing externalities and meeting sustainability requirements

This paper recognises the need for a revision of watershed development policy in India in relation to the planning of development interventions involving agricultural intensification and rainwater harvesting and the need for new approaches to assist the planning process. Building on, and using as an example, the results of biophysical and societal impact studies carried out on two watershed development projects in Karnataka three new management/dissemination tools, are suggested. These are (1) the web-based geographical information systems exploratory, climate land assessment and impact management tool dissemination tool for disseminating to policymakers and non-specialist stakeholders the downstream impacts of watershed interventions, (2) the ‘quadrant’ approach for ensuring that sustainability criteria are met and (3) Bayesian networks to investigate the biophysical and societal impacts of interventions. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue