水耕植物过滤法去除氮磷的影响因素及途径

采用水耕植物过滤法(hydroponic bio-filter method,HBFM)净化富营养化地表水的试验表明,在水力负荷为3.0 m³/(m²·d)的条件下,TN、TP年平均去除率分别为16.8%、30.8%,年平均去除速率分别为1.0、0.1 g/(m²·d)．通过底泥沉积去除的氮、磷分别占系统氮、磷总去除量的62.2%和75.9%,是TN、TP最主要的去除途径．HBFM的最佳水力负荷为3.0～4.0 m³/(m²·d).西洋菜收割时的剪割强度影响其氮磷吸收速率,每次剪割长度不得超过10　cm.收割频率为1次/月时不会影响HBFM的氮磷去除效果.     

微生物作用引起的铁铝氢氧化物吸附砷的还原与释放机制研究

地下水砷污染的形成机制目前尚不清楚,普遍认为,微生物对吸附于铁氧化物表面的As(Ⅴ)以及基质Fe(Ⅲ)的还原是砷释放的主要原因.本研究中以富集的混合菌群为接种微生物,以不同比例（Al∶Fe为1∶0、 1∶1、 0∶1）的铁铝氢氧化物为吸附剂,考察了微生物对吸附于这些载体上的As(Ⅴ)的还原和迁移作用.结果表明,接种微生物后,3种体系表现出不同程度的As释放,溶液中释放的As基本上是As(Ⅲ).在氢氧化铁体系中,溶解态As(Ⅲ)浓度仅为60 μg/L左右,微生物还原产生的As(Ⅲ)几乎全部存在于固相中;在Al∶Fe为1∶1的铁铝氢氧化物中,溶解态As(Ⅲ)大约为1.3 mg/L;氢氧化铝体系中,该值为7.8 mg/L,约占微生物还原总As(Ⅲ)的82%.而未接种的对照组均未检测到As(Ⅲ)以及明显的As释放.本研究还考察了吸附基质铁氧化物的还原对砷迁移的影响,结果表明,砷的还原发生在铁还原之前,铁的还原并没有引起砷的明显释放.因此,根据本实验结果推断,氢氧化铁吸附的As(Ⅴ)的还原及Fe(Ⅲ)的还原很可能不是造成地下水系统中砷释放的主要原因,而吸附于铝氧化物或其它矿物表面的As(Ⅴ)的还原可能引起了砷向水相迁移.     

免耕水稻土固定CO2自养微生物多样性

使用13CO2为标记物,采用稳定性同位素核酸探针(DNA-SIP)技术和微宇宙模拟的方法,对两种南方免耕水稻土中的固定CO2自养微生物群落结构和多样性进行了研究.实验结果表明,经80d的培养后,从13CO2标记处理的土样提取的DNA经氯化铯密度梯度离心后其浮力密度显著区分于12CO2对照组,表明土壤样品中的固定CO2自养微生物对CO2具有同化利用.RT-PCR结果表明两种标记土样DNA密度梯度离心分层的cbbLR基因的拷贝数最高分别为1.36×105拷贝/g干土和2.21×105拷贝/g干土.克隆文库分析和系统发育分析表明两种土壤中的固定CO2自养微生物群落结构具有一定差异.Bradyrhizobium和Rubrivivax是为FG土壤中的主要类群, 占全部克隆数的60.40%和13.86%.而TF土壤的主要类群是Rhodopseudomonas、Rhodospirillum、Methylibium和Variovorax,分别占全部克隆数的20.90%、11.94%、16.42%和10.45%.两种13CO2标记土样的cbbLR基因文库OTU类型、多样性指数均高于12CO2对照文库,其群落结构也有明显的变化.因此,免耕水稻土存在高度多样性的二氧化碳固定自养微生物,在农田土壤碳素循环方面具有重要作用.     

Integrating livelihoods and conservation in protected areas: understanding the role and stakeholder views on prospects for non-timber forest products,a Bangladesh case study

Protected areas (PAs) represent a key global strategy in biodiversity conservation. In tropical developing countries, the management of PAs is a great challenge as many contain resources on which local communities rely. Collection and trading of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is a well-established forest-based livelihood strategy, which has been promoted as a potential means for enhanced conservation and improved rural livelihoods in recent years, even though the sustainability or ecological implications have rarely been tested. We conducted an exploratory survey to understand the role and stakeholder views on conservation prospects and perceived ecological feasibility of NTFPs and harvesting schemes in a northeastern PA of Bangladesh, namely the Satchari National Park. Households (n?=?101) were interviewed from three different forest dependency categories, adopting a stratified random sampling approach and using a semi-structured questionnaire. The study identified 13 locally important NTFPs, with five being critically important to supporting local livelihoods. Our study suggests that collection, processing and trading in NTFPs constitutes the primary occupation for about 18% of local inhabitants and account for an estimated 19% of their cash annual income. The household consensus on issues relating to NTFPs and their prospective role in conservation was surprisingly high, with 48% of respondents believing that promotion of NTFPs in the PA could have positive conservation value. The majority (71%) of households also had some understanding of the ecological implications of NTFP harvesting, sustainability (53%) and possible management and monitoring regimes (100%). With little known about their real application in the field, our study suggests further investigations are required to understand the ecological compatibility of traditional NTFP harvesting patterns and management.     

天水市空气微生物含量分析

用平皿沉降法测定了天水市空气微生物含量,结果证实其空气细菌、真菌及总菌的平均含量分别为5312.3、13．1和5325．4CFU／m3．空气真菌占总菌量的0．2％左右,空气微生物以细菌为主十分明显,所测风景区空气细菌含量与城区的平均水平间差异很大,说明天水市空气已受到较轻的中度污染,闹市区的一些测点空气污染已相当严重。     

The source and fate of sediment and mercury in the Tapajós River, Pará, Brazilian Amazon: Ground- and space-based evidence

We present results of mercury (Hg) in surface waters and soils and an analysis of satellite imagery from the Tapajós River basin, Brazilian Amazon, and the Reserva Garimpeira do Tapajós, the legal gold mining district of the basin. Hg bound to suspended sediment was roughly 600 and 200 times the concentration of dissolved Hg per litre of water, in impacted and pristine areas, respectively. Suspended sediments thus represent the major pathway of river-borne Hg. Median concentrations of Hg in suspended load from both impacted and pristine waters were 134 ppb, and 80% of samples were below 300ppb-in the range of naturally occurring surficial materials in the tropics. Regionally, riverine Hg fluxes were proportional to the concentration of total suspended solids. This shows that the dominant source of Hg is the sediment itself rather than anthropogenic mercury discharge from the small-scale mines. To independently test this conclusion, a mass balance was performed. A conservative calculation of the annual export of mercury (Hg) from the Creporí River (a minimum) was 1.6 tonnes for the year 1998-it could be significantly larger. This amount of Hg is difficult to account for by anthropogenic discharge alone, confirming that enhanced physical erosion caused by sluicing and dredging operations is the dominant source of Hg. We therefore conclude that gold mining operations are primarily responsible for elevated Hg concentrations. The dominant source of contamination is not, however, the loss of Hg in the gold amalgamation process. Rather, the disturbance and mobilization of large quantities of Hg-rich sediment and floodplain soil into the water column during mining operations is the source of contamination. These findings shift the focus of remediation and prevention efforts away from Hg control toward soil and sediment erosion control. The minimization or elimination of Hg losses in the mining process remains important for the health of local peoples and environments, but keeping basin soils and sediments in place would be a much more effective means of minimizing Hg fluxes to the region's rivers. To gain a spatial and historical perspective on the source and extent of emissions, satellite imagery was used. We were able to reconstruct historical mining activity, locate impacted areas, and estimate historical Hg fluxes with the imagery. To do so, the spectral characteristics of satellite images were calibrated to the concentration of suspended sediment in the rivers, which, in turn, is proportional to the Hg concentration. This analysis shows that mining-induced sediment plumes have been a dominant source of sediment to the Tapajós River system for decades. As well, the intensity and location of these emissions has varied through time. For example, sediment discharge from the Creporí River was greater in 1985 than in 1998; and the tributaries on the west bank of the Tapajós were actively being mined in 1985 but had been abandoned in 1998. This type of information should greatly assist in understanding original and ongoing sources of emissions, and in managing prevention and remediation efforts.     

植物收割对人工湿地去除多环芳烃的影响

人工模拟北京市清河水质,研究模拟人工湿地中植物收割对PAHs去除效果的影响.结果显示:植物和填料对PAHs的去除均有一定的贡献率.湿地种植芦竹并添加填料后对2环萘、3环菲、4环芘和5环苯并[a]芘的去除率平均提高了34.82%、47.92%、19.70%和7.78%.湿地植物收割后,对萘、菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的平均去除率分别提高了11.31%、10.42%、21.21%和12.22%,且在收割后第2周期达到最大.植物收割后,第1周期的相对生长率最低(0.03~0.04cm/d),第2周期的相对生长率最高(0.47~0.51cm/d),第4周期的相对生长率恢复正常水平(0.17~0.23cm/d);对PAHs的去除率在第4周期恢复正常水平.     

肠道微生物受环境污染的影响及其对宿主疾病的调控作用

宿主肠道内存在的大量微生物与其健康状况直接相关,这些微生物是人和动物健康成长不可或缺的。肠道微生物通过多种途径调节人体生理功能的同时也受到人体内外环境的影响。因此,分析建立肠道微生物、相关疾病的产生原因和作用机制以及环境影响因子之间的联系具有重要意义。本文首先针对肠道微生物对人体的物质与能量代谢、先天和获得性免疫、胃肠道功能等方面的影响进行综述。然后重点分析了近年来有关肠道微生物对环境污染所致健康效应的影响及作用机制的研究进展。以期加深肠道微生物与人类健康之间相互作用机理的理解,并为环境毒理学与肠道微生物之间关系的研究提供新的思路。     

Electricity nanogenerator from egg shell membrane: A natural waste bioproduct

ABSTRACT

In the era of developing technologies, there is always been a crisis of rising demands of energy. There is no skepticism that a lot of energy is being produced every hour for almost each and every field, but still an exploration is needed to come up with new and viable options for energy creation. The same is the objective of this paper which proposes the use of waste biomaterials in association with organic and inorganic materials as a source of energy to power up small electronic devices. In this research egg shell membrane (ESM)-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is proposed in combination with calotropis (Calo), cellulose from fruit of Bombax Ceiba (BOM), cellulose in form of tissue paper (TISU), dog hair (DH), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), aluminum (Al), and copper (Cu). ESM is eco-friendly waste food by-product and available in abundance. Characterization of ESM is done by scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). The proposed ESM-PTFE-based TENG power up 462 green LEDs (462 × 2 V = 924 V ~ 1 kV) without rectifier and produced up to 7.61 µJ energy with 4.7 µF capacitor at 200 tapings. All the proposed ESM-based TENG combinations generate sufficient voltage to turn ON the wrist watch. This green-energy-based TENG has potential application in various fields especially related to medical devices.