微塑料对沉积物细菌群落组成和多样性的影响

微塑料普遍存在于河口、海岸和深海沉积物中,能直接或间接地对沉积环境中细菌和真菌群落产生影响.为探究微塑料对沉积物细菌群落组成和多样性的影响,通过向沉积物中分别添加不同丰度(2%、 5%、 10%)和类型(PE、 PVC)的微塑料颗粒,进行30 d的微塑料污染模拟实验,分析不同微塑料处理中微生物群落结构和多样性差异.结果表明,微塑料对菌群多样性无显著影响,但能降低群落丰富度,且添加PE和10%PVC下降最显著;添加微塑料使放线菌门、拟杆菌门和酸杆菌门等相对丰度上升,后壁菌门相对丰度显著下降;伯克霍尔德氏菌科和假单胞菌科等涉及氮循环的菌群在添加PE以及2%和10%PVC后相对丰度显著增加,而鞘氨醇单胞菌科等与多种有害污染物生物降解作用有关菌群的相对丰度明显下降;KEGG代谢通路预测显示,添加PE和较高丰度(5%、 10%)PVC使菌群膜转运蛋白、细胞运动和外源物质生物降解等功能显著改善,氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢和能量代谢等功能受到抑制.研究可为微塑料污染对沉积物养分转化和外源污染物降解的影响研究提供理论基础.     

化肥减量配施有机肥对土壤功能微生物和柠檬产量及品质的影响

为明确化肥减量配施有机肥处理非根际/根际土壤功能微生物(硝化、反硝化和溶磷微生物)对柠檬产量和品质的影响,以柠檬果实和非根际/根际土壤为研究对象,将传统果实品质测定与分子生物学技术相结合,探究化肥减量配施有机肥处理非根际/根际土壤功能微生物与柠檬产量和品质之间的相互关系.结果表明：(1)70%化肥+30%腐熟猪粪处理显著增加硝化强度和磷酸酶活性,但有效控制反硝化酶活性.(2)化肥减量配施有机肥显著降低硝化微生物和nirS和nirK基因反硝化微生物的丰度.同时,增加nosZ基因反硝化微生物和phoD基因溶磷微生物的丰度.但是,功能微生物群落结构多样性在化肥减量配施有机肥处理没有明确的规律性.(3)相较于化肥和有机肥,70%化肥+30%腐熟猪粪处理柠檬产量最高,果实品质最佳.(4)氮素及其转化的相关微生物通过柠檬内在和外观品质显著影响柠檬产量;而磷素及其转化微生物主要通过柠檬内在品质影响柠檬产量.此外,非根际土和根际土对柠檬内在品质的影响因子存在明显的分异现象.由上可知,70%化肥+30%腐熟猪粪处理显著影响土壤氮、磷功能微生物进而提升柠檬产量和品质.     

Toxic mercury versus appropriate technology: Artisanal gold miners’ retort aversion

Mercury-usage in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has accelerated in developing countries during the last thirty years resulting in negative environmental and health impacts. As awareness of mercury contamination from ASGM has grown, a number of strategic initiatives have been introduced to reduce the impact of the toxic substance. The adoption of the retort, a device capable of recycling up to 95 per cent of mercury in gold extraction, constitutes a broadly recognized approach. Based on case-study research in Tanzania, this paper examines an ASGM area, which has been targeted by several mercury-reducing efforts. Based on survey data, key informants interviews, and visitor observations, the paper examines the impact of these efforts on mining techniques and residents’ attitudes towards the use of mercury. Despite the seemingly obvious advantages from adopting retorts or other mercury-reducing techniques – economic, environmental, and health-wise – miners continue to use mercury haphazardly, while demonstrating an only limited awareness of the toxicity of the substance. The paper discusses the possible explanations behind this as well as possible ways forward in facilitating the reduction of mercury in ASGM operations.     

Simulation based programming for optimization of large-scale rainwater harvesting system: Malaysia case study

Large scale rainwater harvesting (LSRWH) is a promising alternative to address security and flood issues in urban areas. The development and planning of a LSRWH for an eco-community involves comprehensive site-planning, systems planning and design, which includes the rainwater source collection (roof) to the storage tank, the distribution and allocation system. This paper describes a new technique for designing a LSRWH for a community of 200 houses with an average of 4 persons per house and an average total daily water demand of 160 m³. It was found that the optimal size storage tank for a 20,000 m² roof area is 160 m³ with a 60% reliability. The application of this model to the case study revealed a significant water saving up to 58% .The total cost for this system is 443,861 USD over a life-span of 25 years.     

The impact of climate change on the benefit of a rain barrel sharing network

The assessment of the impact of climate change depends not only on quantitative changes in precipitation but also system characteristics that can be changed and enhanced. This study investigated the effect of building the shared network of a rainwater harvesting system as an adaptation to climate change scenarios. The performance of a rain barrel network under three climate change scenarios and three global circulation models (GCM) is examined. A sample community composed of four prospective users with individual storage is tested with various forms of shared connections. Most importantly, the results show that the benefit from shared rain barrels greatly increases under the climate change conditions compared with the historical rainfall data. Especially, for high reliabilities, the results indicate that the benefit of a rain barrel network increases under future climate change scenarios, whereas it does not show apparent improvement for low reliabilities. However, the performance of a rain barrel network is highly dependent on location and climate change scenarios. In contrast, the GCM does not considerably affect the performance of the shared network. The results of this study highlight the needs to establish sharing networks of rainwater harvesting systems under the climate change conditions, which would significantly increase the benefit of the entire community.     

秸秆收贮利用体系建设的困境与政策建议

我国拥有丰富的秸秆资源,但秸秆资源的利用效率很低,主要原因是秸秆收贮利用体系建设严重滞后。加强秸秆收贮利用体系建设,应强化政府对秸秆收贮利用体系建设的规范和引导,整合秸秆收贮利用各环节的相关资源,并拓宽秸秆利用企业的融资渠道。     

喹啉降解菌的降解效果考察

为了探索石油污染土壤中含氮杂环化合物的降解情况,在考察石油污染土壤理化性质的基础上,选择喹啉作为目标污染物,采用选择性富集培养的方法,从45份石油污染土壤样品中,分离得到155株降解喹啉污染物的高效降解菌株,从中选择降解效率较高的2株喹啉降解菌命名为Q5和Q24,进行喹啉的降解性能研究,比较了单一优势菌株、人工复合菌群和土壤中的自然菌群对喹啉的降解情况。实验结果表明,石油污染土壤中自然菌群对喹啉的降解效果好于单一的优势菌株和人工复合菌群。     

亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化过程影响因素研究

亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化(Nitrite-dependent denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation,n-damo)是指微生物在厌氧条件下利用甲烷还原亚硝酸盐的过程,该过程的研究可为污水脱氮减排提供技术支持.采用n-damo富集培养物(荧光原位杂交实验结果表明n-damo功能菌丰度可达73%)为研究对象,着重探讨温度(25,35,45℃)、p H值(5.5~9.5)、甲烷分压(0~98 k Pa)和亚硝酸盐初始浓度(0~6.0 mmol·L-1)对n-damo反硝化速率的影响,以获得最优条件,为n-damo过程在污水处理中的应用提供理论依据.结果表明,在本实验条件下n-damo过程进行的最适温度为35℃,最适p H值为7.5,最适甲烷分压为49 k Pa,最适亚硝酸盐初始浓度为2.4~3.42 mmol·L~(-1).     

采样时间对空气微生物采样效果的影响

用ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ生物粒子采样器和微孔滤膜空气微生物采样器，在室内进行了不同采样时间对空气微生物采样效果的研究。结果表明，这两种采样器采集的空气微生物粒子浓度随采样时间增加而减少，呈明显的负相关关系，相关系数分别为：－０．８９８和－０．９１１，Ｐ值均小于０．０５。ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ采样器采样时间〈７ｍｉｎ和微孔滤膜采样器采样时间〈３ｍｉｎ时，对采集的空气微生物粒子浓度没有明显影响。采样时间对采集的空     

Holistic correlation of world’s largest social safety net and its outcomes with Sustainable Development Goals

The five largest social safety net (SSN) programmes in the world are being implemented in India, China and Brazil. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is one of these programmes and regarded as the world’s largest SSN. MGNREGA aims at enhancing livelihood security of households in rural India by providing guaranteed wage employment. The scheme has resulted in the creation of sustainable assets that promote the economic and infrastructure development. More than 33 million assets were built in the process of MGNREGA. These assets were spread out in 262,380 smallest units of administration covering 6887 sub-districts with the participation of more than 250 million human manpower. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) aims to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The 17 goals tackle the root cause of poverty and attempts to make a positive change for both people and planet. Ecological regeneration or rejuvenation during the development of the assets generated numerous tangible and intangible benefits to the community in a sustainable way. MGNREGA, a federal government-sponsored scheme, using a decentralized approach is directly or indirectly helping to achieve all the 17 goals of sustainable development in India. This article takes a holistic approach to correlate and map the concepts and outcomes of MGNREGA programme with SDG. This article emphasises the fact that community-based participation in the planning and development activities at the regional levels will yield benefits to the biosphere, society and economy at the national level.