三门火山盆地的层状矿床及其与盆地形成演化的关系

浙江三门中生代火山——沉积盆地的形成演化可分四个阶段。每一阶段均伴产有不同成因和各具特色的金属矿床,显示了陆相火山作用较为完整的成矿体系。其中层状矿床具有同生和后生的双重特征,多成因,多来源,是较典型的火山沉积——后期热液迭加改造型矿床。本文着重介绍它的主要特征及盆地的形成演化对火山成因矿床的控制。     

The nature and significance of public exposure to arsenic: a review of its relevance to South West England

In South West England, more than two hundred years of intensive exploitation of metalliferous ore deposits, combined with the natural processes of pedogenesis from mineral-rich parent rocks, has resulted in the creation of a aignificant area of arsenic-contaminated wastes and soils. The scale of arsenic dispersion by natural and anthropogenic processes is such that 722 km² of land contains concentrations of arsenic in excess of 110 g g^–1, more than twice the maximum that might be expected in a normal soil.The general rationale for the clean-up of derelict and contaminated mining sites often includes aesthetic factors and the desirability of preventing the dispersion of contaminants beyond the site boundaries. Only in extreme cases is public health directly invoked as justification for remediation. In South West England, if arsenic constitutes a genuine threat to the public, an increased rate of site remediation would be justified. The primary purpose of this review is to establish whether or not widespread arsenic contamination (principally of soils) has any measurable effects on public health in South West England, and how this might affect current contaminated site remediation policy. The review is based on data from previous research in the region, and other relevant international studies of mining and smelting communities, and other populations exposed to elevated arsenic concentrations. The literature reviewed also includes the determination of the extent and sources of contamination, and pathways between source and man.While the contamination of potable waters in some countries has led to measurable health effects, this scenario has not yet been identified in South West England, and there is little reason to believe that significantly contaminated potable water supplies would escape detection for extended periods of time under the current monitoring regime.In relative terms (based on both globaland local data), one of the most significant links between contaminated soils and humans appears to be contaminated food stuffs. In absolute terms, such exposure is low due to the natural constraints on arsenic uptake by herbage, cereal crops and vegetables, and the food chain does not appear to have been significantly compromised in South West England. Chronic health effects are unlikely as excessive arsenic concentrations in locally grown food crops remain rare.With the problems of confounding medical and social factors, it is not surprising that studies in South West England have failed to identify chronic exposure to arsenic at very low concentrations as a significant health risk. Those studies that indicate otherwise do not stand up to close scrutiny. It appears that the number of additional deaths arising from the widespread arsenic contamination in South West England is small. The relative benefits of a costly statistical study to actually determine the number of additional deaths might be considered minimal, but one major area could benefit from further studies: the sensitivity of certain population sub-groups to environmental arsenic exposure. Of particular interest are children, for whom significant exposure to arsenic via soil ingestion may be occurring.Based on available information, there appears to be no justification for a large programme of site remediation. Resources should, however, be expended on enlightening the general public, and private and governmental organisations as regards the gap between the perceived and actual significance of arsenic contamination in South West England.To whom correspondence should be addressed.     

天然矿石毒重石吸附硫酸盐废水的试验研究

利用天然矿石毒重石对硫酸盐废水进行吸附处理，在废水的pH=9，停留时间为80min左右时，该吸附剂具有较好的吸附效果。且该离子交换吸附法具有成本低、操作简单、无二次污染的优点。     

Strategies for sustainable development of the small-scale gold and diamond mining industry of Ghana

The small-scale gold and diamonds mining industry is of great importance to Ghana. Since its regularization in 1989 the sector has produced and sold over 1.5 million troy ounces of gold and 8.0 million carats of diamonds. During the same period the sector also provided direct employment to over 100,000 people and improved the socioeconomic life of many individuals and communities. However, these were largely achieved at a cost to the environment in areas where mining is carried out and there is the need to develop the industry in a sustainable manner. This paper looks at the developments in the small-scale gold and diamonds mining industry in Ghana and proposes some strategies on how the concepts of sustainable development could be applied to the industry.     

EC法处理选磷废水的研究

为解决磷矿浮选尾水的污染和回用问题，采用了EC法处理，结果表明，经处理的尾矿水可部分回用，并节省Na2CO3 43-65%，这一处理方法具有一定的实用价值。     

Environmental assessment of mercury dispersion, transformation and bioavailability in the Lake Victoria Goldfields, Tanzania

Environmental dispersion and transformation of mercury discharged from gold mining operations has been investigated in field and laboratory studies in order to provide better understanding of the degree of mercury (Hg) pollution and bioavailability in the Lake Victoria goldfields (LVGF) ecosystems. This paper reviews results already published elsewhere and presents additional data on Hg dynamics in the LVGF. Studies conducted at the Mugusu and Rwamagaza artisanal mines indicated different degrees of Hg contamination and dispersion in environmental matrices. Mercury concentration in contaminated river sediments near the Mugusu mine varied from 6.0 to 0.5 mg/kg on a dry weight basis. The highest Hg contamination levels (165-232 mg/kg) were associated with mine tailings at the Rwamagaza mine. Mercury concentrations in fish representing different dietary habits on the southwestern shore of Lake Victoria at the Nungwe Bay were very low (2-35 microg/kg) and thought to represent background levels. These and other results suggested that the use of Hg in gold extraction in the LVGF has not caused high Hg levels in lake fish. The study of Hg in lichens showed Parmelia lichen to be an effective bioindicator for atmospheric Hg contamination due to Hg emissions from gold-amalgam firing and purification operations. The Hg levels in the lichens around the Mugusu mine ranged from 3.1 to 0.1 microg/g; the highest levels were recorded in the lichens sampled close to gold-amalgam processing sites. The regional background level in the Parmelia lichen was 0.05-0.10 microg/g, with a mean level of 0.07 microg/g. Studies of Hg transformation in the mine tailings revealed unexpectedly high methylmercury (MeHg) levels in the tailings (629-710 ng/g), which indicated that oxidation and methylation of metallic Hg in the tailings occurred at significant levels under tropical conditions. Re-equilibration of the tailings with freshwater (FW) indicated the MeHg was firmly bound in the tailings and therefore very little MeHg was released to the water column (0.2-1.5 ng/L). The methylation of Hg in tropical loamy clay soil contaminated with HgCl(2) (5 mg Hg/kg) yielded MeHg concentrations of 11 and 14 ng/g when inundated with seawater and FW, respectively, for 4 weeks. Little MeHg was transferred from the soil to the equilibrated water (< or = 0.4 ng/L). Atmospheric exposure of the soil pre-inundated with FW resulted in net degradation of MeHg during the 1st week of exposure, followed by net production and accumulation of MeHg in the soil (up to 15.5 ng/g) during atmospheric desiccation. Mercury uptake by fish from the Hg(0)-contaminated aquatic sediment-tailings system in the aquarium experiment was found to be low, suggesting the low availability of MeHg for bioaccumulation in the system. These and other results provide useful insights into Hg transformation, mobility and bioavailability in tropical aquatic systems affected by Hg pollution from gold mining operations.     

阿希金矿含氰废水的治理

介绍了阿希金矿从设计到生产,不断改进含氰废水的治理措施,基本实现了废水零排放的三个阶段,分析阐述了阿希金矿是如何实现环保治理与企业生产相互协调发展的。     

洪湖历史时期人类活动的湖泊沉积环境响应

以洪湖北部和南部两个短柱钻孔(HN和HS)研究湖泊沉积,采用137Cs定年,沉积速率为0.155 cm/a。沉积物的总有机碳、总氮、磷以及元素和磁化率等指标分析表明：1840年前洪湖地区人类活动较弱,在湖泊沉积物中基本没有早期的人类活动信号的记录;1840年以后由于人口大量增加,人类活动增强,湖泊的营养水平有所增加,尤其是1950年以来沉积物中营养元素急剧增加;近50年来的湖泊营养程度的加重主要与流域内大量营养物质进入湖泊,以及大面积的围垦造成湖泊面积减小、自我调节能力降低有关。洪湖两孔的对比研究表明,不同区域之间存在着差异,可能与洪湖湖流作用及人类活动的影响差异有关。     

负载Cr和Mo锰矿粉基催化剂的脱硝脱氨性能

氨选择性催化还原 (NH₃-SCR) 技术在焚烧烟气NO_x减排控制中广泛应用。然而,目前广泛商业化使用的SCR催化剂价格昂贵且低温活性差。以价格低廉的天然锰矿粉 (MOP) 为载体,采用浸渍法制备了Cr和Mo负载改性MOP,在温度范围150~400 ℃,对比研究了MOP和负载改性MOP的脱硝和脱氨催化效率,并基于NH₃-TPD-MS、FE-SEM-EDS、XRD和XPS对所制备的催化剂进行表征。结果表明：MOP具有较高的催化脱硝脱氨活性;Cr负载可大幅提升MOP的氨转化率,且对脱硝效率没有明显影响;Cr主要以无定形Cr₂O₃形式物理附着于MOP表面,Cr与Mn之间没有明显的相互作用。同时,Mo负载对MOP的氨催化转化也有明显促进作用,2%Mo负载仅轻微减少了MOP在150~250 ℃时的脱硝效率。在5%Mo改性MOP表面,酸性位点数量和NH₃吸附能力显著提高,但Mo与K反应生成钾钼盐结晶,导致Mn⁴⁺和O_α的相对含量降低。该研究结果可为低温低尘尾部布设SCR的同时脱硝脱氨提供参考。     

大义山东南部土壤重金属分布特征及其风险评价

为探明矿产开采对土壤生态环境的影响,采集大义山岩体东南部土壤样品分析其重金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As和Hg浓度;综合利用单因子指数、污染负荷指数和潜在生态危害指数法评估研究区土壤的污染状况与生态风险。结果表明：As、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu平均浓度分别超出GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（pH>7.5）标准限值119.70、47.33、6.18、4.67和4.43倍;单因子指数从大到小依次为As>Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Hg,其中,As、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu属于重度污染;单项潜在风险指数从大到小依次为Cd>As>Pb>Cu>Zn>Hg>Ni>Cr,土壤综合潜在生态风险指数平均值为2 680.40,属于极强生态风险水平。统计显示,Cu、Zn、Cd、As富集中心位于矿区,Cr、Pb、Ni富集于乡村、矿业生产区等人口活动区域,Hg元素无明显分布规律。相关性与主成分分析表明,土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd、As和Pb、Cr、Ni异常富集分别与矿业开采和人类活动有关,而Hg异常富集则主要源自母质风化与成土作用。