Flow and transport in fractured tuff at Yucca Mountain: numerical experiments on fast preferential flow mechanisms

Recent discovery of bomb-related ³⁶Cl at depth in fractured tuff in the unsaturated zone at the Yucca Mountain candidate high-level waste (HLW) repository site has called into question the usual modeling assumptions based on the equivalent continuum model (ECM). A dual continuum model (DCM) for simulating transient flow and transport at Yucca Mountain is developed. In order to ensure properly converged flow solutions, which are used in the transport simulation, a new flow solution convergence criteria is derived. An extensive series of simulation studies is presented which indicates that rapid movement of solute through the fractures will not occur unless there are intense episodic infiltration events. Movement of solute in the environs of the repository is enhanced if the properties of the tuff layer at the repository horizon are modified from current best-estimate values. Due to a large advective–dispersive coupling between the matrix and fractures, the matrix acts as a major buffer which inhibits rapid transport along the fractures. Consequently, fast movement of solutes through the fractures to the repository depth can only be explained if the matrix–fracture coupling term is significantly reduced from a value that would be calculated on the basis of data currently available.     

Spatio-temporal analysis of alpine ecotones: A spatial explicit model targeting altitudinal vegetation shifts

There is general agreement in literature that Alpine vegetation belt ecotones have shown a trend of upward migration in the last few decades. Despite the potential of such shifts as indicators of global change effects in mountain ecosystems, there are relatively few works focused on their assessment in a systematic and spatially explicit way. In this work our aim is to quantify the altitudinal shifts and analyse the spatial pattern dynamics of mountain ecotones. We developed a novel procedure to delineate the current and former state of three characteristic mountain ecotones, which we formalised as forest, tree and tundra lines. Our approach is based on the recognition of altitudinal extreme outposts identified with ecotone locations at a slope scale. The integration of multi-temporal datasets allows the identification and quantification of altitudinal advances and retreats in the outpost locations for a given period. We tested the method in a section of the Italian Alps for the period 1957-2003. Results show a general trend of an increase in altitude for the three ecotones, despite the occurrence of occasional decreases. We estimate decadal altitude increments of 25 m for forest line, 13 m for treeline and 11 m for tundra line. We also identified changes in ecotone spatial morphology between the two dates, with significant implications in connectivity and colonisation dynamics.     

江西大鄣山夏季鸟类群落多样性研究

2009年6月至2010年8月采用样线法对江西大鄣山夏季鸟类资源及其生境分布状况进行调查,并计算其物种多样性、均匀性、优势度及不同生境群落间的相似性。共记录江西大鄣山夏季鸟类13目31科78种,其中留鸟45种,夏候鸟21种,冬候鸟7种,旅鸟5种;其中国家二级保护鸟类6种,省级保护鸟类22种;结果表明：东洋种鸟类占有明显优势（500%）,古北种次之（282%）,广布种占218%。白头鹎（〖WTBX〗Pycnonotus sinensis）和白腰文鸟（Lonchura striata〖WTBZ〗）为当季优势种。6种群落类型中,Shannon Weiner指数与Simpson指数排序均为：阔叶林>农田居民区>针阔混交林>溪流水域>灌木草丛>针叶林。Pielou指数排序为:针阔混交林>溪流水域>阔叶林>农田居民区>灌木草丛>针叶林。Sorenson指数中阔叶林 针阔混交林（〖WTBX〗S〖WTBZ〗=048）为最高。研究结果可为当地森林管理和鸟类保护提供依据     

Predicting mosaics and wildlife diversity resulting from fire disturbance to a forest ecosystem

A model for predicting community mosaics and wildlife diversity resulting from fire disturbance to a forest ecosystem is presented. It applies an algorithm that delineates the size and shape of each patch from grid-based input data and calculates standard diversity measures for the entire mosaic of community patches and their included animal species. The user can print these diversity calculations, maps of the current community-type-age-class mosaic, and maps of habitat utilization by each animal species. Furthermore, the user can print estimates of changes in each resulting from natural disturbance. Although data and resolution level independent, the model is demonstrated and tested with data from the Lewis and Clark National Forest in Montana.     

山岳型旅游地旅游城镇化动力机制研究——以九华山为例

旅游城镇化是指发展旅游业的地区为了给旅游者提供交通、游览、食宿、娱乐、购物等一系列服务，使生产、提供这些商品和服务的行业与居民大量在此聚集，逐渐形成具有明显职能特色的城镇的过程。分析旅游城镇化现象产生的动力机制是旅游城镇化研究的重要内容。在实地调研的基础上，以九华山为例，分析了山岳型旅游地旅游城镇化现象产生和发展的内外多维动力系统，并结合九华山独特的佛教旅游地特征，有针对性地分析了九华山旅游城镇化发展的特点。     

重庆四面山杉木群落物种多样性研究

通过对重庆四面山杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林样地的调查,运用丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,分析了该地区杉木群落物种多样性特征,将该地区现存杉木群落划分为2个群系组(杉木林和杉木针阔混交林),8个群系,10个群丛。结果表明,杉木群落可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层。在杉木林群系组中,丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均表现为灌木层>草本层>乔木层。在杉木针阔混交林群系组中,丰富度指数表现为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;多样性指数多数表现为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;均匀度指数变化较为复杂,没有统一规律。杉木群落各层的丰富度指数随海拔高度的升高总体上呈下降趋势。群落各层的多样性指数随海拔高度的升高在特定区间内表现出一定规律性:在海拔1180m以下低海拔区域,随海拔高度的升高呈下降趋势;在海拔1180～1351m范围内,随海拔高度的升高呈波动状态;而在海拔1351m以上高海拔区域,又呈下降趋势。群落各层的均匀度指数随海拔梯度变化较为复杂,未表现出明显规律。     

小兴安岭天然林不同林分汞含量分布特征与生物质汞库估算

植被主要通过叶片气孔吸收大气气态单质汞,森林植被是大气汞重要的汇.量化森林生物质汞库对了解全球汞循环至关重要.为揭示森林乔木层（乔木层分为树干、树叶、树枝、树根和树皮）、灌木层、草本层和凋落物层（凋落物层分为未分解层（Oi）、半分解层（Oe）和已分解层（Oa））汞含量和汞库分配,本研究选取黑龙江省凉水自然保护区小兴安岭原始林阔叶红松林、次生原始林云冷杉林和次生原始林白桦林3种原始林开展植物和凋落物汞含量和汞库调查.结果表明,乔木层各组织中汞含量遵循树皮 > 树叶 > 树枝 > 树根 > 树干的规律,云冷杉林乔木层汞含量总体上高于阔叶红松林及白桦林乔木层汞含量.凋落物中汞含量排序为Oa > Oe > Oi,原始林阔叶红松林凋落物汞含量高于次生原始林白桦林凋落物汞含量,但低于次生原始林云冷杉林凋落物汞含量.进一步估算生物质总汞库发现云冷杉林、阔叶红松林和白桦林分别为212、192和163 μg·m^-2.乔木层地上部分是森林生物质汞库的主体,其树皮汞库占总汞库的37.4%~43.5%,灌木层和草本层仅占总汞库的1%左右.本研究可为进一步评估森林生态系统在大气汞循环中的作用及预测森林火灾发生时生物质燃烧汞释放潜势提供基础数据.     

河北夏季低涡暴雨的统计研究

对河北省22个国家基准站和基本站及北京、天津1991-2000年10年的夏季低涡暴雨个例进行了统计与合成分析，划分了河北夏季低涡暴雨的天气概念模型，对燕山南麓及太行山东麓的低涡暴雨特征进行了研究。对高空形势场、低空风场、暴雨落区及强度等方面的分析表明，造成该地区暴雨的低涡系统主要为西北涡，其次为东蒙冷涡，影响最小的是西南涡。西北涡主要影响太行山南部地区，东蒙冷涡主要影响燕山南麓，以7、8月份较多；西南涡暴雨仅发生在7月份。70％的西北涡暴雨，南方有台风或热带气旋出现。经向型西北涡的水汽源地主要是黄海和东海；纬向型西北涡和经向型东蒙冷涡的水汽源地主要是南海和孟加拉湾。500hPa中纬度经向型的环流形势更有利于低涡暴雨的持续性，降雨强度也更大；暴雨区一般出现在700hPa低涡暖切变附近，最大风速区的左侧。     

缙云山不同土地利用方式对土壤团聚体微生物量碳氮的影响

于缙云山阳坡同一海拔高度处选择亚热带常绿阔叶林(简称林地)、撂荒地、坡耕地和果园这4种土地利用方式,在0~60 cm的土壤深度内每隔10 cm采集一个土壤样品,测定大团聚体(2 mm)、中间团聚体(0.25~2 mm)、微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm)以及粉+黏团聚体(0.053 mm)内的微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量,以分析缙云山不同土地利用方式对团聚体MBC及MBN的影响.结果表明4种土地利用方式下,各粒径团聚体MBC及MBN含量均随土壤深度的增加而降低.林地开垦为果园和坡耕地后除导致大团聚体MBC和MBN含量升高外,其它粒径团聚体MBC及MBN含量均降低;坡耕地撂荒后,除粉+黏团聚体MBN含量降低外,其它粒径团聚体MBC及MBN含量均增加.采用等质量方法计算了0~60 cm土壤深度内4种土地利用方式下各粒径土壤团聚体MBC和MBN的储量,发现除粉+黏团聚体外,其他粒径团聚体MBC储量均为林地高于果园和坡耕地,撂荒地各粒径团聚体内的MBC储量均高于坡耕地;MBN储量表现为中间团聚体和微团聚体林地高于果园和坡耕地,而撂荒地除粉+黏团聚体外,其他粒径团聚体均高于坡耕地.总体上,林地和撂荒地团聚体MBC储量高于果园和坡耕地,MBN储量高于坡耕地,果园与林地团聚体MBN储量接近,表明林地的垦殖虽然对果园团聚体MBN影响非常小,但却导致了团聚体MBC以及坡耕地MBN的损失,而坡耕地撂荒则有利于团聚体MBC及MBN的恢复和蓄积.在土地利用转变过程中,土壤团聚体MBC的变化方向和变化量与土壤有机碳并不一致,存在很大的差异,因此,土壤团聚体微生物熵并不适于来评价该地土地利用变化对土壤的影响,采用有机碳总量作为表达土地利用变化的敏感性指标可能更好.     

戴云山国家级自然保护区大气氮沉降特点

利用干湿沉降采集器,持续观测戴云山国家级自然保护区内大气氮素干、湿沉降,调查当地大气氮沉降的种类和沉降通量.结果表明,2015-03-27~2015-10-09观测期间,戴云山自然保护区大气氮干、湿沉降量分别为2.30 kg·hm~(-2)和14.79kg·hm~(-2),以湿沉降形式为主(87%).干沉降中可溶性有机氮的沉降量为1.21 kg·hm~(-2),占干沉降通量的53%;无机氮以硝态氮为主(0.71 kg·hm~(-2)),铵态氮相对较低(0.37 kg·hm~(-2)).湿沉降中无机氮和可溶性有机氮沉降量分别为9.41 kg·hm~(-2)和5.38 kg·hm~(-2),其中无机氮以铵态氮为主(6.07 kg·hm~(-2)).大气氮湿沉降量和当地降雨量显著正相关,降雨量越大,对应的湿沉降氮量也越大.戴云山国家级自然保护区大气氮素沉降量较高,可能会对当地生态环境产生较大的影响.