Conversion Margins for the Major Uses of Agricultural Land and Their Variations in Shandong Province, China

It is of practical significance for the decision-making on country food security and farmland protection to analyze the conversion margins for the major uses of agricultural land and their variations. Based on the panel data of wheat, corn, vegetable, fruit, and forests productions from 520 investigated farmer households of 13 investigated villages in Shandong Province from 2003 to 2009, and using Cobb-Douglas production function, the revenue conversion margins can be obtained separately, between different grain-crops (wheat, corn) and different non-grain crops (vegetable, fruit, forests), and the conversion relationship between growing grain( wheat, corn) and going out for non-farm work. The results show that from 2003 to 2009, growing wheat and corn are more economically and reasonably for farmers, compared with growing vegetable, but growing wheat and corn are becoming less economically and less reasonably day by day, compared with planting forests. Moreover, the conversion margin between wheat and fruit shows obvious scissors difference. Just from 2007, farmers’ growing fruit became economically and reasonably, but until 2009, compared with going out to work after abandoning farm8land, growing wheat had no economic rationality. From 2003 to 2009, farmers’ growing corn is more profitable than growing fruit and going out for non-farm work after abandoning farmland. The subsidies for wheat and corn have increased farmers’ comparative income from food production remarkably, but the subsidies cannot change the general tendency that farmers transform food (wheat, corn) production into non-food (especially forests) production. The revenue difference between growing wheat, corn and vegetable and growing fruit and forests is being pulled ceaselessly bigger, and the tendency that farmers transform wheat, corn and vegetable growing lands into fruit and forests growing lands has become increasingly apparent.     

Measuring eddy covariance fluxes of ozone with a slow-response analyser

Ozone (O₃) fluxes above a temperate mountain grassland were measured by means of the eddy covariance (EC) method using a slow-response O₃ analyser. The resultant flux loss was corrected for by a series of transfer functions which model the various sources of high- and, in particular, low-pass filtering. The resulting correction factors varied on average between 1.7 and 3.5 during night and daytime, respectively. A cospectral analysis confirmed the accuracy of this approach. O₃ fluxes were characterised by a comparatively large random uncertainty, which during daytime typically amounted to 60%. EC O₃ fluxes were compared against O₃ flux measurements made concurrently with the flux-gradient (FG) method. The two methods generally agreed well, except for a period between sunrise and early afternoon, when the FG method was suspected of being affected by the presence of photochemical sources/sinks. O₃ flux magnitudes and deposition velocities determined with the EC method compared nicely with the available literature from grassland studies. We conclude that our understanding of the causes and consequences of various sources of flux loss (associated with any EC system) has sufficiently matured so that also less-than-ideal instrumentation may be used in EC flux applications, albeit at the cost of relatively large empirical corrections.     

拉市海流域胁迫因子及其影响

拉市海流域位于云南丽江市玉龙县境内，其内的拉市海湿地是我国重要的高原湿地之一。拉市海湿地在调节气候、提供水源和提供珍稀物种栖息地等方面发挥着重要生态作用。分析了拉市海流域的主要胁迫因子：气候、农业活动、火烧、围堰及其它水利工程。在这些胁迫因子综合作用下，拉市海湿地生态系统的结构与功能发生了明显的变化。目前，拉市海湿地水域部分，出现“孤岛化”现象，湿地生物多样性剧减，湿地生态功能显著下降。在分析胁迫因子及其影响下，提出目前应尽快拆除围堰，注重湿地保护和合理利用，建立区域生态补偿机制的策略。     

Prenatal evaluation of fetal renal function based on serum beta2-microglobulin assessment

The relationship between fetal renal function (FRF) and fetal serum beta₂-microglobulin (B2MG) was investigated by comparing its value in 112 unaffected fetuses with that of 23 fetuses presenting with urinary tract malformations (UTM). Fetal serum level of B2MG was totally unrelated to gestational age; its value increased in cases of severe impairment of FRF but was similar to controls in all mild uropathies (p<0.05). Evaluating serum B2MG could be beneficial in fetuses with severe renal damage, but is of no use in unilateral UTM since only the global FRF is tested and not the function of each single kidney. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

耕地生态经济系统集约度的测算

农业生产中生物、工程等科学技术间的相互作用的耕地生态经济系统是人们参与控制的自然与生物间物质与能量交换的主要载体 ,它也是自然再生产和经济再生产有机结合及其与自然条件相互联系、相互协调的有机整体。科学的评价该系统的集约化程度是耕地、劳动力和资金等资源优化配置以及耕地保护有关政策的关键内容 ,将为土地集约利用是实现经济增长方式根本转变提供科学依据。根据耕地生态经济系统的经济增长特点 ,利用耕地生态经济系统的全要素生产函数 ,导出以科学相关的资源生产率为基础的耕地经营的集约度和以资源数量变化相关粗放度的测算方法 ,在此基础上建立了耕地生态经济系统经营模式评价模型。并对江西临川耕地生态经济系统集约经营模式分析和验证。     

地级以上城市的城市职能分类——以江浙沪地区为例

城市职能是城市在区域发展中所承担的分工。在国家或区域范围内,按照城市职能的相似性和差异性,研究城市与城市之间的分工,可以得到城市体系的职能结构。要得到城市体系的职能结构,首先要进行城市职能分类。对城市职能分类的方法经历了从简单到复杂、从定性到定量、从单指标到多指标的过程。以江浙沪地区25个地级以上城市为例,按照多因素分析和统计分析相结合的方法,研究得到这一城市体系的城市职能结构。上海是处于第一层级的综合性巨型城市,南京、杭州是处于第二层级的综合性特大城市,宁波、温州、绍兴、苏州、无锡是处于第三层级的综合性或专业化大城市,南通、盐城、徐州、金华是处于第四层级的综合性或专业化中等城市,其它12个城市则是处于第五层级的小城市。     

Fish consumption in pregnancy, cord blood mercury level and cognitive and psychomotor development of infants followed over the first three years of life: Krakow epidemiologic study

BACKGROUND: Although the maternal fish consumption is supposed to have beneficial effects on development of infants, it may be harmful for child cognitive development since fish is a common source of methylmercury. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Purpose of the study was to describe the usual pattern of fish consumption during pregnancy in Poland and explain the variability of prenatal mercury exposure due to fish intake by mothers. The other endpoint of the study was the assessment of the cognitive and psychomotor development of infants related to prenatal mercury exposure over the 3-year follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study sample consisted of 374 infants born at 33-42 weeks of gestation between January 2001 and March 2003 to mothers attending ambulatory prenatal clinics in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Total mercury level in whole cord blood was measured and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II) was used to assess the mental (MDI) and psychomotor developmental index (PDI) in children at 12, 24 and 36 months of age. RESULTS: Self-reported weekly amount of fish consumption during the first two trimesters of pregnancy correlated positively with umbilical cord mercury concentrations (r(s)=0.22, p<0.0001). The corresponding correlation coefficient for the fish consumption in the third trimester of pregnancy was 0.21, p<0.0001. There was an inverse association between mercury exposure and both MDI (beta regression coeff.=-2.8, p=0.01) and PDI scores (beta coeff.=-2.3, p=0.04) at 12 months of age. Subsequent BSID-II testing at 24 and 36 months did not confirm significant association between exposure and cognitive or psychomotor function. The estimates of association between mercury prenatal exposure and the development of infants, which were based on the longitudinal analysis of all BSID-II measurements done in the follow-up (generalized estimating equations statistical model) showed that the performance deficit observed at 12 months of age was of border significance.     

基于熵权的西安市大气环境质量模糊综合评价

针对传统方法在评价大气环境质量中存在评价因素单一,不能反映多种污染物对大气环境的综合影响等缺点,文章运用模糊综合评价理论并结合熵值赋权法,选取SO2、NO2、PM10三个污染因子为评价参数,参照国家大气环境质量标准,通过计算污染因子权重分配系数和隶属度,对2006年、2010年西安市区及其不同功能区的大气环境质量作出客观综合评价并加以对比。评价结果表明:2010年西安市区大气环境质量符合国家Ⅱ级标准,较2006年无明显改善且有潜在污染加剧的趋势;西安市内交通区、工业区的大气环境质量劣于全市平均水平,是该市大气环境治理的重点区域;PM10为西安市区最主要污染因子,在全市污染影响普遍,但近年NO2污染呈现的上升趋势也应引起警惕。     

试用Excel函数实现检测数据的修约

应用Excel中的IF、AND、INT、EVEN、FIXED、ROUND函数编写命令,使Excel应用软件在数据处理时能按数据修约规则进行修约。通过应用证明,此命令完全满足数据修约规则的要求,对数据的处理准确、稳定,减轻了检测人员的工作压力,具有极强的可操作性和实用价值。     

纳帕海湿地生态系统功能与服务价值评估研究

在对纳帕海湿地概况及退化动因进行解析的基础上,系统介绍了纳帕海湿地生态系统功能,定量评价了1981～2001年纳帕海湿地生态系统服务价值的变化情况。研究结果显示：1981年,纳帕海湿地生态系统服务价值总量为15.64亿元,2001年降低至1.33亿元。20a来,纳帕海湿地生态系统服务价值总量下降了91.5%。其中,下降幅度最大的为废物处理功能29%,其次为气候调节27.3%,第三为水源涵养24.7%,原材料下降幅度最小0.1%。鉴于此,为了保护纳帕海湿地资源,实现其可持续发展,应加强认识,适度控制旅游规模;严格执法,不断完善湿地保护体制机制;科学管理,引导湿地资源的合理利用。