企业突发环境事件应急预案编制的实践和思考

近年来,突发环境事件层出不穷,为减轻突发环境事件带来的损害,我国已建立突发环境事件应急预案制度,但企业突发环境事件应急预案编制工作尚不完善。目前企业突发环境事件应急预案编制实践过程中仍存在着不少问题,这些问题的存在,限制了应急预案在应急管理中能发挥的作用。因此应急预案编制过程中的问题,亟需完善,实践中可从多个角度出发完善应急预案的编制工作。     

影响中小企业实施积极主动型环境策略的管理因素分析

通过对以往实证性研究文献的回溯,分析了影响中小企业作出积极主动型环境策略选择的某些管理层面的因素及其变化,并提出了今后我国在该领域的研究方向和建议。     

木质素磺酸盐接枝改性的条件优化

以粘度和产率为表征,研究不同引发剂、温度、单体丙烯酰胺用量、反应时间对木质素磺酸钠与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚反应的影响,并对木质素磺酸钠接枝共聚条件进行优化。结论:K2S2O8引发的接枝反应产物具有较大粘度和产率,而(NH4)2S2O8、Na2S2O3·5H2O引发体系得到共聚物粘度和产率相对较小,所以该研究采用K2S2O8作为引发剂;通过三因素三水平的正交试验得出对共聚物的产率与粘度的影响顺序为单体丙烯酰胺用量大于反应温度大于反应时间;接枝共聚反应的优化条件是K2S2O8引发剂浓度6×10-3mol/L,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为4 h,单体丙烯酰胺与木钠比为4:1,蒸馏水与木钠比5:1。     

器材类武警装备环境适应性评估模型研究

目的研究器材类武警装备环境适应性评估模型。方法通过分析武警装备环境适应性要求类型及特点,提出器材类武警装备环境适应性评价因素集,分析环境因素的影响特征,基于历史数据和问卷调查确定各环境因素影响的隶属函数。结果建立了考虑时间的器材类武警装备环境适应性模糊综合评估模型。结论通过实例验证了该模型合理,方法可行。     

海洋生态补偿研究进展及实践

文章对国内外海洋生态补偿的理论和实践探索进行了分析研究,并于2011年9月对威海、深圳、厦门等3个沿海城市有关海洋生态补偿工作情况进行了实地调研。在此基础上,针对海洋生态补偿机制的建立,从概念界定、研究内容、补偿标准的确定、资金来源和补偿方式等方面提出问题和建议,为我国海洋生态补偿机制的建立健全提供科学参考。     

畜禽粪便沼气池使用中的注意事项和常见故障的排除方法

讨论了畜禽粪便沼气池使用过程中的注意事项及常见故障的排除。     

Biphasic reduction model for predicting the impacts of dye-bath constituents on the reduction of tris-azo dye Direct Green-1 by zero valent iron (Fe)

Influence of common dye-bath additives, namely sodium chloride, ammonium sulphate, urea, acetic acid and citric acid, on the reductive decolouration of Direct Green 1 dye in the presence of Fe⁰ was investigated. Organic acids improved dye reduction by augmenting Fe⁰ corrosion, with acetic acid performing better than citric acid. NaCl enhanced the reduction rate by its ‘salting out’ effect on the bulk solution and by Cl⁻ anion-mediated pitting corrosion of iron surface. (NH₄)₂SO₄ induced ‘salting out’ effect accompanied by enhanced iron corrosion by SO₄^2 − anion and buffering effect of NH₄⁺ improved the reduction rates. However, at 2 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄ concentration, complexating of SO₄^2 − with iron oxides decreased Fe⁰ reactivity. Urea severely compromised the reduction reaction, onus to its chaotropic and ‘salting in’ effect in solution, and due to it masking the Fe⁰ surface. Decolouration obeyed biphasic reduction kinetics (R² > 0.993 in all the cases) exhibiting an initial rapid phase, when more than 95% dye reduction was observed, preceding a tedious phase. Maximum rapid phase reduction rate of 0.955/min was observed at pH 2 in the co-presence of all dye-bath constituents. The developed biphasic model reckoned the influence of each dye-bath additive on decolouration and simulated well with the experimental data obtained at pH 2.     

Photocatalytic reduction of organic pollutant under visible light by green route synthesized gold nanoparticles

We report a rapid method of green chemistry approach for synthesis of gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)using Lagerstroemia speciosa leaf extract(LSE). L. speciosa plant extract is known for its effective treatment of diabetes and kidney related problems. The green synthesis of Au NPs was complete within 30 min at 25°C. The same could also be achieved within 2 min at a higher reaction temperature(80°C). Both UV–visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy results suggest that the morphology and size distribution of Au NPs are dependent on the pH of gold solution,gold concentration,volume of LSE,and reaction time and temperature. Comparison between Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)spectra of LSE and the synthesized Au NPs indicate an active role of polyphenolic functional groups(from gallotannins,lagerstroemin,and corosolic acid)in the green synthesis and capping of Au NPs. The green route synthesized Au NPs show strong photocatalytic activity in the reduction of dyes viz.,methylene blue,methyl orange,bromophenol blue and bromocresol green,and 4-nitrophenol under visible light in the presence of Na BH_4. The non-toxic and cost effective LSE mediated Au NPs synthesis proposed in this study is extremely rapid compared to the other reported methods that require hours to days for complete synthesis of Au NPs using various plant extracts. Strong and stable photocatalytic behavior makes Au NPs attractive in environmental applications,particularly in the reduction of organic pollutants in wastewater.     

Porous media grain size distribution and hydrodynamic forces effects on transport and deposition of suspended particles

The effects of porous media grain size distribution on the transport and deposition of polydisperse suspended particles under different flow velocities were investigated. Selected Kaolinite particles(2–30 μm) and Fluorescein(dissolved tracer) were injected in the porous media by step input injection technique. Three sands filled columns were used: Fine sand,Coarse sand, and a third sand(Mixture) obtained by mixing the two last sands in equal weight proportion. The porous media performance on the particle removal was evaluated by analysing particles breakthrough curves, hydro-dispersive parameters determined using the analytical solution of convection–dispersion equation with a first order deposition kinetics, particles deposition profiles, and particle-size distribution of the recovered and the deposited particles. The deposition kinetics and the longitudinal hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients are controlled by the porous media grain size distribution. Mixture sand is more dispersive than Fine and Coarse sands. More the uniformity coefficient of the porous medium is large, higher is the filtration efficiency. At low velocities, porous media capture all sizes of suspended particles injected with larger ones mainly captured at the entrance.A high flow velocity carries the particles deeper into the porous media, producing more gradual changes in the deposition profile. The median diameter of the deposited particles at different depth increases with flow velocity. The large grain size distribution leads to build narrow pores enhancing the deposition of the particles by straining.     

基于RBI的碳五石油树脂装置风险评估分析

从技术特点、实施效用等方面,对QRA与RBI两类风险评估技术进行比较,选择使用RBI技术方法对碳五石油树脂装置内静设备及管道实施风险评估。运用挪威船级社的ORBIT Onshore软件定量计算评估范围内设备、管道风险值,评定风险等级,辨识隐患设备,然后从后果、可能性两方面分析产生风险的主要影响因素,经分析得知碳五石油树脂装置受H2S、HCl腐蚀减薄影响轻微,但NaOH导致的碱应力腐蚀对聚合反应后序工段中部分管道设备失效可能性影响较大。最后根据装置内存在的不同损伤机理提出检验优化策略,为装置定期检验工作提供科学的决策支持。