钢铁企业水系统实现节能减排的技术措施

很多钢铁企业面临着工业污水量远大于回用水量,处理后的工业污水因缺少用户只能外排而同时还需引入大量的工业新水的尴尬局面。节能减排不只是减少工业新水用水量和全部工业污水处理回用,更重要的是要实现工业污水排放量和回用水量之间的平衡。结合某钢铁公司的实际情况,就钢铁企业水系统实现节能减排的技术措施进行了探讨,作为工程实践的一种参考。     

深水型表面曝气机的模拟计算与构型比较

为了加深氧化沟深度、减少其占地面积、节省污水厂建设投资,研究开发深水型表面曝气机成为氧化沟工艺的一个重要课题。由于上述原因,应用流体力学计算软件Fluent对3种深水型曝气机叶轮的构型进行了模拟计算,并从搅拌深度、推流效果和所需功率等方面对3种叶轮构型进行了比较。又以小试实验进行了初步的验证,证明模拟计算的结果是可靠的。流体力学数值模拟由于其简单易行、成本低、周期短等特点,作为曝气机设计研究的辅助工具可以发挥作用。     

中国CDM市场现状分析和管制建议

《京都议定书》的生效、CDM项目活动在全球的广泛开展为发展中国家寻求经济和环境的共赢发展带来了前所未有的机遇,中国的经济正处于高速发展中,在未来的国际CDM市场中必将扮演重要的角色。虽然我国在开发CDM项目、促进温室气体减排方面做出了突出的贡献,但仍然存在项目分布不合理、信息不对称、偏离方法学等明显问题。面对未来可以预见的国际环境压力,我们应当加强管制,充分利用好CDM的机遇。在借鉴印度、巴西等其他发展中国家的做法、总结自身经验和不足的基础上,提出CDM项目的管制建议,在政策引导、宣传培训、项目选择和方法学应用等方面调整CDM项目的发展策略,为我国的参与CDM带来更为巨大的商机和活力。     

地面沉降研究中地质钻孔剖面框架图的快速生成

针对地面沉降中如何利用EXCEL格式存储的钻孔数据快速组成MAPGIS图形文件进行了讨论,利用VBA for EXCEL编程环境,可以将钻孔数据文件迅速转化成MAPGIS明码格式的钻孔剖面框架图,为地质分析研究提供基础.     

Attitudes to nuclear energy: Beliefs,values and false consensus

Attitudinal differences regarding the use of nuclear energy were investigated. Results obtained in a random sample drawn from the population of four communities in The Netherlands within 30 miles of a nuclear power plant showed a strong relationship between subjects' attitudes towards nuclear energy and their perceptions of the possible consequences of nuclear energy. ‘Pro’- and ‘con’-subjects showed marked differences in the importance attached to the different possible consequences and their endorsement of the salience of more general social issues. Results provide support for the view that individuals perceive a false consensus with respect to the relative prevalence of similar attitudes among other people. Finally, subjects' perceptions of others with similar or opposing attitudes towards the issue of nuclear energy showed marked differences in evaluation especially for the extreme attitude groups.     

Diverging meanings of development among architects and three other professional groups

Previous research has shown that designers' and architects' evaluations of visual stimuli, and of urban and rural environments are not necessarily shared by non-designers and non-architects. Such conclusions may be biased by instrumentation and methodological problems, namely, previous instruments often require verbal responses about stimuli. Hence, non-designers and non-architects may be less capable in expressing themselves, but perceive the same things as the professionals. Another problem stems from professionals who have a narrow range of traits being compared with a general population that has a broader range of traits and therefore has greater within-group variance. This study presents an instrument and a methodology for dealing with these problems in addition to examining the perceptual orientations of architects in comparison to three other professions. Results indicate that architects varied from the other professional groups in their quantitative judgments of the habitats studied but not from all groups in their qualitative judgments. Hence, architects may be a distinct professional culture for some design variables only.     

中国与东盟贸易的环境效应及其关键社会经济因子影响分析

为识别和量化国际贸易的环境效应,推动绿色“一带一路”建设,基于环境经济投入产出模型,利用贸易和污染物排放强度数据,核算了中国与东盟进出口贸易中包含的环境成本,并利用冗余分析探索了影响环境成本的主要社会经济因子.结果表明:①2010年中国与东盟的贸易期间,中国在工业废气、烟尘、二氧化硫、固体废物的排放上存在污染逆差,分别为3 600×108 m3、3.8×104 t、19.7×104 t和9.8×104 t;但在工业废水和粉尘的排放上存在顺差,分别为5 400×104和1.1×104 t.②重度污染产业贸易均呈污染顺差,中度污染产业贸易的污染逆差最大,轻度污染产业贸易呈现较小的污染顺差.③中国与东盟中低收入国家的贸易造成污染顺差,而与中高收入国家的贸易则实现了污染逆差.④冗余分析结果显示,影响我国进口贸易中环境成本的主要因子为城市化率和工业产值占GDP比重,说明我国从东盟发达的工业国进口了含大量环境成本的工业品,而影响我国出口贸易中环境成本的主要因子为出口额,表明我国向欠发达国家出口了大量的初级工业品.因此,我国应加强技术创新,提高污染排放标准,减少重度污染产业的污染排放强度,同时优化出口结构,避免成为“污染避难所”.      

Formation of water disinfection byproduct 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone from chlorination of green algae

We report that green algae in lakes and rivers can serve as precursors of halobenzoquinone(HBQ) disinfection byproducts(DBPs) produced during chlorination. Chlorination of a common green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, produced 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone(2,6-DCBQ), the most prevalent HBQ DBP in disinfected water. Under varying p H conditions(p H 6.0–9.0), 2,6-DCBQ formation ranged from 0.3 to 2.1 μg/mg C with maximum formation at p H 8.0. To evaluate the contribution of organic components of C. vulgaris to 2,6-DCBQ formation, we separated the organics into two fractions, the protein-rich fraction of intracellular organic matter(IOM) and the polysaccharide-laden fraction of extracellular organic matter(EOM). Chlorination of IOM and EOM produced 1.4 μg/mg C and 0.7 μg/mg C of 2,6-DCBQ, respectively. The IOM generated a two-fold higher 2,6-DCBQ formation potential than the EOM fraction, suggesting that proteins are potent 2,6-DCBQ precursors. This was confirmed by the chlorination of proteins extracted from C. vulgaris: the amount of 2,6-DCBQ produced is linearly correlated with the concentration of total algal protein(R2= 0.98). These results support that proteins are the primary precursors of 2,6-DCBQ in algae, and control of green algal bloom outbreaks in source waters is important for management of HBQ DBPs.     

生态退耕前后张家口市耕地变化及影响因素识别

耕地变化与相关土地政策密切相关,为揭示生态退耕政策实施前后,耕地变化特征及其影响因素的差异性,该研究以北方农牧交错区——张家口市为例,分析了生态退耕前后（1989—2000年和2000—2015年）耕地变化特征。在此基础上,应用多项Logistic回归模型研究了耕地变化的影响因素。研究结果表明：1）耕地面积由1989年的1 090 031.02 hm²减少到2015年的924 647.32 hm²,持续减少了15.17%,特别是生态退耕后,耕地减少速度加快;但耕地仍然集中分布在张北县、康保县、沽源县。2）生态退耕前后,耕地转出与转入并存。与生态退耕前相比,生态退耕后耕地转换变化总面积增加121 695.72 hm²,其中转出面积增加占88.72%;耕地主要转换去向由草地（17 063.59 hm²）、建设用地（9 007.00 hm²）、林地（8 932.72 hm²）和园地（5 981.19 hm²）,变为林地（51 902.41 hm²）、园地（40 311.23 hm²）、草地（32 292.66 hm²）和建设用地（23 152.11 hm²）。3）生态退耕前后,耕地转换变化的影响因素不同。退耕前,海拔和坡度分别是耕地转为园地、林地和转为草地、建设用地的主导因素;退耕后,耕地转化的影响因素多样化,海拔仍是耕地向园地转换的主导影响因素,人均GDP变化和到最近道路距离分别成为耕地转为林地、草地和转为建设用地的首要因素。基本农田保护区和自然保护区对耕地转为园地、林地和草地也起着重要作用。研究结果能为张家口市耕地保护、生态环境保护及经济社会协调发展提供科学依据。     

装备统一环境试验条件研究

通过梳理武器装备运输、贮存、发射和飞行等任务环境剖面,分析任务环境剖面对应的环境特征和实测环境数据,研究建立武器装备统一环境试验条件的可行性。研究结果表明,武器装备运输振动、冲击环境以及飞行振动、噪声环境剖面结合实测数据可以建立统一环境试验条件。