Degradation of L- and DL-lactic acid oligomers in the presence ofFusarium moniliforme andPseudomonas putida

Poly(-alkanoates) derived from lactic acid enantiomers are known to degrade easily hydrolytically in aqueous media. The ability of two microorganisms, a filamentous fungus,Fusarium moniliforme, and a bacterium,Pseudomonas putida, to assimilate the degradation by-products of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), namely, lactic acid, lactyllactic acid dimers, and higher oligomers, was investigated in liquid culture. To distinguish the influence of chirality on bioassimilation, two series of substrates were considered which derived from the racemic and the L-form of lactic acid, respectively. The fate of these compounds was monitored by HPLC. Under the selected conditions,DL- andL-lactic acids were totally used by the two microorganisms regardless of the enantiomeric composition. Both microorganisms degraded the LL-dimer rather rapidly. However,F. moniliforme acted more rapidly thanP. putida. It is likely that the DD-dimer also biodegraded but at a slower rate, especially in the case of the fungi. Higher racemic oligomers were slowly assimilated by the two microorganisms, whereas higher L-oligomers appeared biostable probably because of their crystallinity. A synergistic effect was observed when both microorganisms were present in the same culture medium containing racemic oligomers.Presented at the 4th International Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, October 11–14, 1995. Durham, New Hampshire.     

Evaluation of biodegradability of poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends

The results of an investigation aimed at evaluation of the biodegradability of blends of poly(-caprolactone) (PCL) with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as the major component are reported. Specimens of the blends, as melt extruded films and/or powders, were submitted to degradation tests under different environmental conditions including full-scale composting, soil burial, bench-scale accelerated aerobic degradation, and exposure to axenic cultures and esterolytic enzymes. Indications have been gained that blending in the melt gives rise to insertion of PCL segments in the PET chain. Copolymers thus attained acted as macromolecular compatibilizers, allowing for a complete miscibility of PCL and PET. The biodegradation detected on the blend samples was, however, well below the values expected from chemical composition and behavior of individual homopolymers under the same environmental conditions. The presence of PET as the major component in PET/PCL blends apparently reduces the propensity of PCL to be degraded, at least in the investigated composition range. The degradation data collected under different environmental conditions indicate that the full-scale composting system is the most efficient among the tested degradation procedures.     

Influence of Processing Additives on the Degradation of Melt-Pressed Films of Poly(ε-Caprolactone) and Poly(Lactic Acid)

Melt-pressed films of polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with processing additives, CaCO₃, SiO₂, and erucamide, were subjected to pure fungal cultures Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium simplicissimum and to composting. The PCL films showed a rapid weight loss with a minor reduction in the molecular weight after 45 days in A. fumigatus. The addition of SiO₂ to PCL increased the rate of (bio)erosion in A. fumigatus and in compost. The use of a slip additive, erucamide, was shown to modify the properties of the film surface without decreasing the rate of bio(erosion). Both the rate of weight loss and the rate of molecular weight reduction of PCL increased with decreasing film thickness. The addition of CaCO₃ to PLA significantly reduced the thermal degradation during processing, but it also reduced the rate of the subsequent (bio)degradation in the pure fungal cultures. PLA without additives and PLA containing SiO₂ exhibited the fastest (bio)degradation, followed by PLA with CaCO₃. The degradation of the PLA films was initially governed by chemical hydrolysis, followed by an acceleration of the weight change and of the molecular weight reduction. PLA film subjected to composting exhibits a rapid decrease in molecular weight, which then remains unchanged during the measurement period, probably because of crystallization.     

利用废弃蛋白质制备氨基酸螯合微肥的研究进展

复合氨基酸螯合微肥是一种高效、无公害环境友好的绿色肥料，开发前景广阔，综述了废弃蛋白质水解制备复合氨基酸螯合微肥的研究现状，展望了氨基酸螯合微肥研究领域的发展。     

利用胱氨酸生产废水开发氨基酸复合（混）固体肥料的研究

针对目前胱氨酸生产的处理和资源化所存有的问题，通过现场调查，室内模拟，生物试验，车间试生产等手段，探讨了利用胱氨酸生产废水开发氨基酸复合（混）固体肥料的原理和技术及其肥效和效益特点。     

玉米秸秆作为生态厕所基质处理人粪便的实验研究

利用日本科学技术振兴机构赠送的S-15型生态厕所,以玉米秸秆作为反应基质来处理人粪便,旨在研究玉米秸秆能否代替木屑作为生态厕所的反应基质.实验过程中,对粪便和玉米秸秆混合物的减量化情况、物理性状的变化以及温度、湿度、pH值、有机质、N、P、K等营养元素和碳氮比的变化情况进行了监测.结果表明:玉米秸秆能够代替木屑作为生态厕所的反应基质,且能够有效的降解人粪便,整个反应过程中粪便和玉米秸秆混合物的干重减少率为37.3%.最终残余物的pH值和碳氮比分别为8.02和13.7,且含有大量的N、P、K等营养物质,可以作为有机肥.     

碳铵化肥清洁生产效益分析

以扬州高华化工有限公司为例,对碳铵化肥进行清洁生产分析,说明清洁生产能够减少或消除废物的产生和排放,从而减轻末端治理负担,有效控制环境污染,实现经济、环境、社会协调发展.     

Characterization and enzymatic degradation of a cross-linked bacterial polyester

The bacterial polyester, poly(-hydroxybutyrate-co--hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/V), was cross-linked with 1, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30 wt% benzoyl peroxide by thermal decomposition reactions. Solvent extractions were carried out to determine the cross-linked fractions of the films. The sol/gel data were used to estimate cross-link densities. Films of PHB/V cross-linked with 10% benzoyl peroxide were placed in contact with purified depolymerase A secreted byP. lemoignei. These samples exhibited weight loss rates which were half that of un-cross-linked PHB/V, but the network was degraded completely by the enzyme. The results of this study suggest that anendo-type enzymatic degradation may occur, in addition to theexo-type activity, which is normally presumed to occur with theP. lemoignei depolymerase system.     

控释肥对稻田CH4排放的影响

采用静态箱法研究了控释肥料和常规肥料处理对赤红壤稻田CH4排放的影响.结果表明①在水稻生长期间,相比对照(CK),不同肥料处理均促进了稻田CH4日排放,其影响顺序为Crf≥Scotts>Urea≥Com>CK;②在移栽后75d和90d时,各处理的水稻地上部干物质积累量与其CH4日排放通量间相关系数分别为0.8298和0.6539,均达极显著水平;③在水稻生殖生长期,各处理CH4阶段累积排放量占全生育期的32.60%~40.08%,其日排放通量在全生育期中居最高值,控制稻田CH4排放的最适时期应是水稻幼穗分化期;④相比复合肥,控释肥一次施用和尿素分次施用均显著地降低了全球增温潜势.图2表2参19     

除镍化学镀镍废液制成复合肥的芥菜肥效试验研究

盆栽试验施用两种由磷、氮含量较高的化学镀镍废液沉淀除镍之浓缩液制成的复合肥。结果表明,芥菜施用浓缩液复合肥后,肥效与对照的“过磷酸钙”复合肥无显著差异;与不施肥相比,由于芥菜幼苗耐肥性较差,在一定程度上抑制芥菜的前期生长,芥菜地上部干质量显著降低,但对提高土壤Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量仍有显著帮助。