聚合硫酸铁混凝消除水中有机氯的研究

采用聚合硫酸铁(PFS)絮凝剂对水中有机氯农药(OCPs)进行强化混凝处理,并运用响应曲面法(RSM)优化分析了影响OCPs去除率的混凝条件,如pH值、原水浊度、混凝剂投加量和OCPs的初始浓度诸因素.结果表明,各影响因素交互作用显著,最佳混凝条件组合为:pH=5.0、原水浊度=150NTU、PFS投加量为12mg/L、OCPs初始浓度为200ng/L,在此条件下,PFS絮凝剂可有效去除水中OCPs,经模型验证实验得到最佳条件下去除率α-HCH为82.23%、β-HCH为71.15%、γ-HCH为77.28%、δ-HCH为86.27%、 p,p’-DDE为93.78%,与RSM预测值基本相同.结合絮体分形维数和Zeta电位对混凝效果的机理进行了探讨,表明各因素均达到了最佳水平.     

餐厨垃圾废水制备液态解磷菌剂研究

本研究探讨了餐厨垃圾废水用作发酵基质生产液态解磷巨大芽孢杆菌菌肥的可行性.结果表明,餐厨垃圾废水培养的巨大芽孢杆菌经过3~4d的调整期即进入对数生长期,第6~7d活菌数达到最大,而经过湿热预处理得到的II类废水较I类废水更适宜用作巨大芽孢杆菌的培养基质,其菌液活菌数是I类废水培养的活菌数的5倍（4.8×10¹⁵CFU/mL）.废水中的盐分对巨大芽孢杆菌的生长代谢影响显著：活菌数随着NaCl含量的增加先升高后快速降低,最利于菌种培养的NaCl浓度为10g/L.pH值和温度极显著影响巨大芽孢杆菌的生长,而摇床转速和接种量对菌株培养影响不显著,正交试验确定的较优培养条件为pH=8、T=35℃、转速80r/min、接种量2%（V/V）.餐厨垃圾废水制备的解磷菌肥可实现土壤中固化磷的有效磷化：施用0.025‰~2.5‰质量比例解磷菌剂的土壤生长的黄豆苗干重可达到按照5‰质量比例施加无机复合肥生长的黄豆苗的70.7%~84.5%,其中微生物菌肥的最佳施用量为0.25‰.     

Selection of poly(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid utilising bacteria by enrichment,optimisation and compatibility testing for consortia development

Bacterial strains with poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) degradation potential were isolated from waste yard soil samples of selected industrial sites in Uttarakhand, India, and two microbial consortia were developed, i.e. Consortium I comprises Pseudomonas sp. strain Rb10, Pseudomonas sp. strain Rb11 and Bacillus sp. strain Rb18, and Consortium II is composed of Lysinibacillus sp. strain Rb1, Pseudomonas sp. strain Rb13 and Pseudomonas sp. strain Rb19. The current study involved enrichment selection via liquid and semi-solid media, followed by isolation and screening of bacterial strains using PHB pellets and films. Furthermore, the identification and characterisation was done by triphasic approach. The utilisation of PHB by the characterised strains was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration of solubilised PHB was found to be 2.5?mg/mL, which was detected through ‘clear zone assay’. Further, the selection and biocompatibility testing of potential isolates were performed for the formation of bacterial consortia. Thus, the present work would provide direct and standardised protocol for screening and selection of potential microbiomes for biodegradation of polymers by overcoming the negative effect of organic solvents. Moreover, indigenously developed consortia would be evaluated for their in situ biodegradation potential against various bioplastic films.     

Effect of long-term application of corn stalks and inorganic fertilizers on fluorescence characteristics of water extractable organic matter in a meadow black soil of northeast China

ABSTRACT

Returning crop residues into fields, either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, is considered as a practical way to enhance soil fertility. However, information concerning the effects of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer application on water extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soil is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the 10-year effect of corn residue (CR) return with or without the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on the quantity and quality of WEOM in a black soil of northeast China by means of ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence excitation--emission matrix, and derived spectroscopic indices. The application of NPK fertilizers and CR, alone or together, increased the content of total soil organic carbon (SOC), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and ratio of WEOC/SOC, with the sequence being NPK + CR > CR > NPK > CK. Compared with control treatment, the individual application of NPK fertilizer decreased the aromaticity of WEOM. In contrast, elevated proportion of tryptophan-like fluorophore and microbially derived fulvic acid-like components with low molecular weight was detected in the WEOM. The amendment with CR alone resulted in increase in aromaticity of WEOM and proportion of plant-derived humic acid-like component with large molecular weight, accompanied by reduced proportion of tyrosine-like compounds. For the soil with CR restoration, the application of NPK fertilizer increased aromaticity of WEOM, and large molecular weight fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds were found. However, the proportions of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like compounds were diminished. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of WEOM using fluorescence spectroscopy describes responses to be observed in long-term different fertilization strategies.     

长期施肥对水稻土酶活性及理化特性的影响

为了明确不同施肥种类对水稻土土壤肥力与酶活性的影响,以30年（1981年至今）长期定位试验地为基础,研究不同施肥处理（CK,N,P,K,NPK,2倍NPK,NPK＋猪粪）水稻田耕层（0-20cm）土壤酶活性与养分的变化趋势及其相关性。结果表明：1）施P（配施或单施）增加土壤全P、速效P含量,平衡施肥配施有机肥（NPK＋猪粪处理）土壤的有机质、全P、速效P、全N、速效N均显著增加,所有施肥处理间pH值差异均不显著;2）除了NPK处理土壤脲酶活性最高外,平衡施肥配施有机肥土壤转化酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性均较其他处理显著增加;3）酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤全P量呈负相关,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶与全N、有机质、速效N、速效P呈显著或极显著正相关;因此,水田土壤长期平衡施肥配施有机肥,能显著提高土壤肥力,增加土壤酶活性,有益于土壤生产力的持续提高。     

不同相对分子质量PBS基共聚物的降解产物对土壤微生物的影响研究

以陕西花园土为供试土样,采用室内模拟实验,在土壤中加入一定量的聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）,研究不同数均相对分子质量的PBS（Mn分别为3.46×103、8.13×103、1.60×104、3.50×104）对土壤呼吸强度,微生物（细菌（bacteria）、真菌（fungi）、放线菌（actinomycetes））数量的影响,以此来探讨PBS降解产物对土壤微生物生理特性的影响。研究结果表明：①相对分子质量为3.46×103和8.13×103的PBS在其质量分数较低时有利于土壤呼吸强度的增加,有利于细菌的生长,最大增长幅度达到40%,在其质量分数较高时有利于真菌生长,最大增长幅度达到500%。②相对分子质量为1.60×104和3.00×104的PBS随着PBS质量分数的升高,对土壤呼吸强度和微生物数量的促进作用相应增加,对土壤呼吸强度的提高幅度最大达11.6%,对真菌的提高幅度达178%。     

钢精制副产品合成聚合硫酸铁可行性研究

利用正交实验,考察影响合成PFS反应速度的几个因素,认为温度80℃,压力(O2)为0.2MPa,催化剂加入量为3(%Fe),MFe∶MSO2-4=1∶1.35,搅拌速度为(800r/min)的条件为最佳工艺反应条件。上述条件下,利用抚顺钢厂钢精制副产品硫酸亚铁渣合成PFS絮凝剂,其各项指标完全符合GB 14591-93标准,为硫酸亚铁渣的综合利用提供了技术参考与理论依据。     

农药和化肥对无尾两栖类蝌蚪的毒性效应研究进展

以两栖动物研究环境污染物的毒性效应进而监测环境的变化,已成为国内外的研究热点.两栖类的胚胎发育和变态过程对水的依赖性极强,而且鳃和皮肤有很强的渗透性,当其受到污染胁迫时,在细胞、组织及生理生化水平上都会发生显著变化,进而会影响其存活和生长发育.在总结国内外相关研究基础上,综述和分析了农药、化肥(氮肥)对无尾两栖类蝌蚪的行为表现、生长发育、组织结构和生理生化变化等方面的毒性效应,以期为农药、化肥的水环境监测及合理使用提供全面的科学依据.     

氮肥、磷肥、粉煤灰和CaCO3对As(Ⅲ)胁迫下小麦幼苗生物效应及成熟期籽粒As含量的影响

采用盆栽的方法,研究了在As污染土壤中施加氮肥、磷肥、粉煤灰和CaCO₃对小麦籽粒萌发、幼苗生理及成熟期籽粒w(As)的影响,并探讨了4种改良剂对在As污染土壤上种植小麦的有效改良方法. 结果表明:适量的氮肥、磷肥、粉煤灰和CaCO₃对As污染土壤的小麦萌发和幼苗生长具有明显的促进作用,能有效缓解As对小麦的毒害,并降低成熟期籽粒的w(As). 表现为出苗率、幼苗株高、植株鲜重增大,w(叶绿素a)升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量和w(游离脯氨酸)下降,成熟期籽粒的w(As)降低.      

猪粪堆肥与化肥配施对水稻产量和氮效率的影响

采用大田试验方法研究猪粪堆肥与化肥配施对水稻产量和氮效率的影响.结果表明:在本试验条件下,猪眄粪堆肥与化肥配施能显著提高水稻籽粒产量,增加水稻每穗实粒数.尤其是1 500 kg·hm-2猪粪堆肥 化肥配施处理,稻谷产量达8 595 kg·hm-2,比未施氮处理和化肥处理分别增产57.8%和13.6%,差异达显著水平.猪粪堆肥与化肥配施处理水稻氮素养分效率均高于化肥处理.猪粪堆肥与化肥配施的氮肥回收率为35.3%～38.6%,而化肥处理仅为27.6%.