Effect of long-term application of corn stalks and inorganic fertilizers on fluorescence characteristics of water extractable organic matter in a meadow black soil of northeast China

ABSTRACT

Returning crop residues into fields, either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, is considered as a practical way to enhance soil fertility. However, information concerning the effects of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer application on water extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soil is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the 10-year effect of corn residue (CR) return with or without the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on the quantity and quality of WEOM in a black soil of northeast China by means of ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence excitation--emission matrix, and derived spectroscopic indices. The application of NPK fertilizers and CR, alone or together, increased the content of total soil organic carbon (SOC), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and ratio of WEOC/SOC, with the sequence being NPK + CR > CR > NPK > CK. Compared with control treatment, the individual application of NPK fertilizer decreased the aromaticity of WEOM. In contrast, elevated proportion of tryptophan-like fluorophore and microbially derived fulvic acid-like components with low molecular weight was detected in the WEOM. The amendment with CR alone resulted in increase in aromaticity of WEOM and proportion of plant-derived humic acid-like component with large molecular weight, accompanied by reduced proportion of tyrosine-like compounds. For the soil with CR restoration, the application of NPK fertilizer increased aromaticity of WEOM, and large molecular weight fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds were found. However, the proportions of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like compounds were diminished. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of WEOM using fluorescence spectroscopy describes responses to be observed in long-term different fertilization strategies.     

长期施肥对水稻土酶活性及理化特性的影响

为了明确不同施肥种类对水稻土土壤肥力与酶活性的影响,以30年（1981年至今）长期定位试验地为基础,研究不同施肥处理（CK,N,P,K,NPK,2倍NPK,NPK＋猪粪）水稻田耕层（0-20cm）土壤酶活性与养分的变化趋势及其相关性。结果表明：1）施P（配施或单施）增加土壤全P、速效P含量,平衡施肥配施有机肥（NPK＋猪粪处理）土壤的有机质、全P、速效P、全N、速效N均显著增加,所有施肥处理间pH值差异均不显著;2）除了NPK处理土壤脲酶活性最高外,平衡施肥配施有机肥土壤转化酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性均较其他处理显著增加;3）酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤全P量呈负相关,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶与全N、有机质、速效N、速效P呈显著或极显著正相关;因此,水田土壤长期平衡施肥配施有机肥,能显著提高土壤肥力,增加土壤酶活性,有益于土壤生产力的持续提高。     

不同相对分子质量PBS基共聚物的降解产物对土壤微生物的影响研究

以陕西花园土为供试土样,采用室内模拟实验,在土壤中加入一定量的聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）,研究不同数均相对分子质量的PBS（Mn分别为3.46×103、8.13×103、1.60×104、3.50×104）对土壤呼吸强度,微生物（细菌（bacteria）、真菌（fungi）、放线菌（actinomycetes））数量的影响,以此来探讨PBS降解产物对土壤微生物生理特性的影响。研究结果表明：①相对分子质量为3.46×103和8.13×103的PBS在其质量分数较低时有利于土壤呼吸强度的增加,有利于细菌的生长,最大增长幅度达到40%,在其质量分数较高时有利于真菌生长,最大增长幅度达到500%。②相对分子质量为1.60×104和3.00×104的PBS随着PBS质量分数的升高,对土壤呼吸强度和微生物数量的促进作用相应增加,对土壤呼吸强度的提高幅度最大达11.6%,对真菌的提高幅度达178%。     

钢精制副产品合成聚合硫酸铁可行性研究

利用正交实验,考察影响合成PFS反应速度的几个因素,认为温度80℃,压力(O2)为0.2MPa,催化剂加入量为3(%Fe),MFe∶MSO2-4=1∶1.35,搅拌速度为(800r/min)的条件为最佳工艺反应条件。上述条件下,利用抚顺钢厂钢精制副产品硫酸亚铁渣合成PFS絮凝剂,其各项指标完全符合GB 14591-93标准,为硫酸亚铁渣的综合利用提供了技术参考与理论依据。     

农药和化肥对无尾两栖类蝌蚪的毒性效应研究进展

以两栖动物研究环境污染物的毒性效应进而监测环境的变化,已成为国内外的研究热点.两栖类的胚胎发育和变态过程对水的依赖性极强,而且鳃和皮肤有很强的渗透性,当其受到污染胁迫时,在细胞、组织及生理生化水平上都会发生显著变化,进而会影响其存活和生长发育.在总结国内外相关研究基础上,综述和分析了农药、化肥(氮肥)对无尾两栖类蝌蚪的行为表现、生长发育、组织结构和生理生化变化等方面的毒性效应,以期为农药、化肥的水环境监测及合理使用提供全面的科学依据.     

氮肥、磷肥、粉煤灰和CaCO3对As(Ⅲ)胁迫下小麦幼苗生物效应及成熟期籽粒As含量的影响

采用盆栽的方法,研究了在As污染土壤中施加氮肥、磷肥、粉煤灰和CaCO₃对小麦籽粒萌发、幼苗生理及成熟期籽粒w(As)的影响,并探讨了4种改良剂对在As污染土壤上种植小麦的有效改良方法. 结果表明:适量的氮肥、磷肥、粉煤灰和CaCO₃对As污染土壤的小麦萌发和幼苗生长具有明显的促进作用,能有效缓解As对小麦的毒害,并降低成熟期籽粒的w(As). 表现为出苗率、幼苗株高、植株鲜重增大,w(叶绿素a)升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量和w(游离脯氨酸)下降,成熟期籽粒的w(As)降低.      

猪粪堆肥与化肥配施对水稻产量和氮效率的影响

采用大田试验方法研究猪粪堆肥与化肥配施对水稻产量和氮效率的影响.结果表明:在本试验条件下,猪眄粪堆肥与化肥配施能显著提高水稻籽粒产量,增加水稻每穗实粒数.尤其是1 500 kg·hm-2猪粪堆肥 化肥配施处理,稻谷产量达8 595 kg·hm-2,比未施氮处理和化肥处理分别增产57.8%和13.6%,差异达显著水平.猪粪堆肥与化肥配施处理水稻氮素养分效率均高于化肥处理.猪粪堆肥与化肥配施的氮肥回收率为35.3%～38.6%,而化肥处理仅为27.6%.     

中国化肥资源供需矛盾及调控策略

鉴于中国化肥供需形势不清给产业调控带来不确定性影响,论文分析了化肥资源供需矛盾,并提出了相关调控策略。结果表明,中国化肥供需总量已经接近平衡,氮磷钾化肥的自给率分别达到100%、95%和29%。少部分产品存在缺口,其中氯化钾的自给率为23%,是当前我国惟一紧缺的化肥产品。随着化肥生产向资源产地集中,中国化肥供需时空不平衡有扩大的趋势。部分时间段的供需不平衡异常尖锐,其中10月份至来年3月份全国化肥供应过剩超过900×10⁴t,而部分月份却极端不足,例如7月份两广、东北等地的尿素缺口达200×10⁴t左右,10月份华北地区的磷酸二铵缺口达到100×10⁴t左右,而5、7、8三个月中两广地区的钾肥缺口也超过100×10⁴t。建议国家加强储备工作,储备化肥消费量的15%,其中10%储备在淡季,以减少过剩的压力,而5%储备在旺季,以应对市场供不应求。     

粉煤灰微生态复混肥的制备与研究

研究了利用处理啤酒废水的粉煤灰废渣作为固氮菌的载体,与常规的氮肥、钾肥和磷肥复混生产粉煤灰微生态复混肥的依据、原理与工艺.粉煤灰微生态复混肥总养分31%,其中养分比例为N∶P2O5∶K2O∶有机物=1∶2.01∶0.96∶0.79,固氮菌数6.9×107个/g,粉煤灰占质量分数44.03%.通过小白菜等作物的种植试验表明,粉煤灰微生态复混肥具有改良土壤结构,长效缓释,均衡作物营养,增强作物抗逆性和抗病能力,改善作物品质等优点,对作物植株性状的生长优势明显优于常规施肥法.     

Determination of Nitrogen and Sulfur in Plants and Soils Sampled from the Area Near a Fertilizer Plant

The purpose of this study was to investigate NO_x and SO₂-inducednitrogen and sulfur levels accumulated over vegetation and soil in the surrounds of the fertilizer plant in Kütahya, Turkey. Therefore, leaf samples collected from the seven locations adjacent to the plant were morphologically observed (pollution-related injuries and color deformation) and chemically analyzed. Besides, nitrogen and sulfur contents were determined in the soil samples collected from each location. A significant correlation was achieved between locations and different vegetation samples and soil samples. The highest nitrogen level present in the trees was 3.07 ± 0.105% (3rd location, Robinia pseudoacacia), with the highest sulfur level being 5.79 ± 0.085% (3rd location, Salix alba). The highest nitrogen and sulfur levels in soils were 0.31 ± 0.045 and 0.57 ± 0.052% (3rd location), respectively. Furthermore, the highest nitrogen and sulfur levels were 4.69 and 2.20%, respectively,in agricultural plants in the surrounds of the fertilizer plant. A higher level of pollutants was observed in the samples collectedfrom the locations in the direction of the prevailing wind. Also, differences between locations as well as between plant specimens were statistically evaluated.