Effect and Control of Pollution in Catchment Area of Lake Sapanca, Turkey

/ Land-based point and diffuse pollution sources in the catchment area of Lake Sapanca, Turkey, were investigated. The present and future distribution of pollution loads were evaluated in terms of nitrogen, phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand, and pesticides. A methodology for the estimation of pollution loads was presented; most of which were based on "unit loads." Presently domestic and industrial point sources dominate over diffuse sources including fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural use, nutrient loads from forests and meadows, urban runoff, and leachates from unregulated dumps of solid wastes. For the future, the aim of the control action is to maintain the sustainability of the water quality of the lake, at least at the second class of European Community standards. Within this framework; urgent/short-term and medium/long-term control actions will be exercised. In the urgent/short-term stage, simpler and natural ways of treatment will be employed. In the medium/long-term stage an integrated collection and treatment system will be put on operation. After completion of a proposed collection system and treatment plants to handle point sources, the control of diffuse sources will be more significant. Control of diffuse sources for the abatement of further deterioration of water quality then becomes the key issue to be emphasized in the Lake Sapanca catchment area. Diffuse sources control will be achieved by dividing the catchment area into three major protection zones. Use of pesticides and fertilizers on agricultural land and all other activities within these protection zones will be accomplished according to control plans, which will be supervised by an institution established to be responsible of all the activities within the basin.KEY WORDS: Diffuse sources; Land-based pollution; Nutrients; Pesticides; Point sources; Protection zones     

关于安装月台防护栏防止叉车事故的研究

叉车事故是铁路装卸作业的惯性事故，本文研究了安装月合防护栏防止叉车事故的必要性和可行性。实践表明，这种安技措施对减少叉车事故有十分明显的效果。     

Monitoring and management of streambank erosion and natural revegetation on the lower Gordon River,Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area,Australia

The wash from high-speed tourist cruise launches causes erosion of the formerly stable banks of the lower Gordon River within the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. Speed and access restrictions on the operation of commercial cruise vessels have considerably slowed, but not halted erosion, which continues on the now destabilized banks. To assess the effectiveness of restrictions, bank erosion and natural revegetation are monitored at 48 sites using erosion pins, survey transects, and vegetation quadrats. The subjectively chosen sites are grouped on the basis of geomorphology and bank materials. The mean measured rate of erosion of estuarine banks slowed from 210 to 19 mm/year with the introduction of a 9 knot speed limit. In areas where cruise vessels continue to operate, alluvial banks were eroded at a mean rate of 11 mm/yr during the three-year period of the current management regime. Very similar alluvial banks no longer subject to commercial cruise boat traffic eroded at the slower mean rate of 3 mm/yr. Sandy levee banks have retreated an estimated maximum 10 m during the last 10–15 years. The mean rate of bank retreat slowed from 112 to 13 mm/yr with the exclusion of cruise vessels from the leveed section of the river. Revegetation of the eroded banks is proceeding slowly; however, since the major bank colonizers are very slow growing tree species, it is likely to be decades until revegetation can contribute substantially to bank stability.     

内蒙古草原四种主要禾本科牧草若干生理特性的研究

禾本科牧草是内蒙古草原植物群落中最重要的优势植物。其中，无芒雀麦（Ｂｒｏｍｕｓｉｎｅｒｍｉｓ）、冰草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｃｒｉｓｔａｔａｕｍ）、老芒麦（Ｅｌｙｍｕｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃｕｓ）和麦草（Ｅｌｙｍｕｓｔａｎｇｕｔｏｔｕｍ）是大部分草原的建群种。本文运用室外试验田材料采集和室内实验测定相结合的手段分别为这４种禾木科牧草的蒸腾强度、光合作用、叶绿素含量等生理特性进行研究，结果表明，禾本科牧草一日内蒸腾强度最高值出现于１２：００－１４：３０，到下午４：００有一小回升；光合强度以开始繁殖期为最强。四种牧草中生产潜力最高的是老芒麦。在内蒙古草原上，水分是非常重要的要素，测定表明，空气相对湿度与老芒麦的叶子含水量呈正相关，相关系数达０．９９３。     

含油污泥处理技术的研究

含油污泥是石油石化工业的主要污染源之一。它体积庞大，产生的量较多，处理难度大，已成为油田、炼化企业环保领域的突出问题之一。目前，国内外已有多种处理含油污泥的方法，但收效不大，仍需进一步研究，寻找经济合理的处理方法。     

Do Open-Cycle Hatcheries Relying on Tourism Conserve Sea Turtles? Sri Lankan Developments and Economic–Ecological Considerations

By combining economic analysis of markets with ecological parameters, this article considers the role that tourism-based sea turtle hatcheries (of an open-cycle type) can play in conserving populations of sea turtles. Background is provided on the nature and development of such hatcheries in Sri Lanka. The modeling facilitates the assessment of the impacts of turtle hatcheries on the conservation of sea turtles and enables the economic and ecological consequences of tourism, based on such hatcheries, to be better appreciated. The results demonstrate that sea turtle hatcheries serving tourists can make a positive contribution to sea turtle conservation, but that their conservation effectiveness depends on the way they are managed. Possible negative effects are also identified. Economic market models are combined with turtle population survival relationships to predict the conservation impact of turtle hatcheries and their consequence for the total economic value obtained from sea turtle populations.     

Impacts of Recreation Trails on Exotic and Ruderal Species Distribution in Grassland Areas Along the Colorado Front Range

This study examines the establishment patterns of exotic and ruderal species along trail corridors in grassland areas of the Colorado Front Range. The effects of trail presence, trail age, and trail traffic levels on exotic and ruderal species establishment are explored to ascertain the potential impacts of trails on surrounding vegetation. Established trails exhibited a greater presence of exotic and ruderal species along the immediate trailside, showing that disturbed trailsides tend to encourage the growth of these species over time. Furthermore, the established trails exhibited significantly less native, nonruderal, and overall species richness at the trailside. These trailside patterns did not show a significant spread away from the trail edge, even after prolonged time periods. Finally, higher trail use tended to hasten the establishment of exotic species along the trailside. The trails did not introduce new species to the recreation areas; rather they acted as reorganizational tools for species that were already present in the study sites.     

烟台市城市化进程中环境保护的思考

山东省烟台市在加快城市化的进程中,坚持城市环境综合整治、工业污染防治和自然生态保护一齐抓,强化了全市环境保护工作的深入开展,但在进一步的城市化进程中,还应强化高起点的城市定位和城市规划、加强城市环境基础设施建设和城市一体化环境保护工作思路等项工作。     

秦皇岛市海洋生态环境保护与建设探讨

本文通过对秦皇岛市海洋生态环境质量的调查分析,提出了影响生态环境 的主要问题,进而对该海域的生态环境保护与生态建设提出了切实可行的对策。     

旅游区环境问题及对策

本文首先着重分析了旅游区近年来普遍存在的较突出的环境问题及其产生的根本原因和特点,分析了这些环境问题对旅游区发展产生的不良影响,有针对地提出了一系列解决环境问题、改善环境质量的措施,以期对环境资源的进一步开发利用和保证旅游业健康持续发展有所帮助。