保护层分析(LOPA)中的独立保护层探讨

介绍了保护层分析(LOPA)的基本原理及独立保护层(IPL),讨论过程工业各种典型保护层满足IPL的条件和确定初始事件失效概率(PFD)的原则。在实际运用中,应谨慎识别和确定各种IPL及其PFD,防止IPL虚假使用、重复使用和确定过高或过低的PFD。     

基于CPNtools的环评工程分析信息化技术的研究

以东北制药总厂现状环境评价为例,首先抽象出其采用的代数系统,然后构建了与其同构的着色PetriNet模型,并运用CPNtools完成了环境评价学的各种分析和论证,从而为构建C4ISRE奠定了基础。     

Development of the Pasture Simulation Model for assessing livestock production under climate change

To simulate climate change impacts on pastures and domestic herbivores as well as feedbacks to the atmosphere in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, we have improved a process-based biogeochemical pasture model, PaSim. The overall aim was to simulate the meat and milk production of cattle (suckler cows with their calves, dairy cows and heifers) in response to climate and management, as well as feedbacks to the atmosphere through enteric methane emissions. Herbage intake at grazing was calculated from animal characteristics, herbage availability, diet digestibility and air temperature. With suckler cows, milk production and changes in daily liveweight and body condition were calculated from net energy balance. The net energy intake of dairy cows and their body reserves at turnout to pasture were used to simulate milk production at pasture, daily liveweight and body condition changes, taking into account cow energy requirements and intake capacity. Heifer growth was determined from heifer net energy intake and liveweight. Net energy intake was used to assess enteric methane production through a conversion factor, which depends both on the energy level of the diet and on the herbivore type. The model was assessed against experimental data for animal performance and methane emissions at grazing. Predictions show good agreement with observations. On average, the root mean square error was 6.5, 4 and 2.5% for the liveweights of suckler cows, suckler calves and heifers, respectively, 18% for dairy milk production and 12% for enteric methane emissions. By comparing this new version of the PaSim model to the previous version, we show that a greater accuracy in animal performance modelling improves the sensitivity of the model to interannual climate variability. However, long term (30 years) projections of climate change impacts on grasslands and of radiative feedbacks to the atmosphere are not significantly modified. The originality and the validity domain of the model are discussed.     

落实《水污染防治行动计划》投融资思路与建议——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

创新、拓宽水环境保护领域投融资渠道,是落实水污染防治行动计划、保障国家水安全的关键环节。研究结论表明,水污染防治领域成熟稳定的财政资金投入机制匮乏、中小环保企业水环境治理项目融资存在制约瓶颈、社会资本水污染治理投入盈利机制不健全等是关键制约因素。鉴于此,文章提出了落实《水污染防治行动计划》的投融资思路和具体建议:整合设立水污染防治专项资金以建立政府常态化投入机制,设立政府主导的环境保护基金以发挥财政资金引导作用,建立社会资本水污染防治项目资金投入回报机制以吸引社会资本投入,创新环境金融服务、发挥市场融资作用以提升水污染治理企业或项目融资能力。     

海洋环境保护的主要思路——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

文章介绍了《水污染防治行动计划》(以下称《水十条》)中针对海洋环境保护的背景情况、重要意义、目标指标、主要内容,从陆海统筹的理念出发,阐述海洋环境污染防治和生态保护的要求。     

新常态下的环境保护工作思考

新常态深刻揭示了我国经济发展阶段的新变化、新特点,认识新常态、适应新常态、引领新常态成为当前和今后一个时期我国经济发展的大逻辑,也给环境保护工作带来了新机遇和新挑战。做好新常态下的环境保护工作,需要新思维,从而加快实现改善环境质量为主,优先削减存量、有序引导增量协调,依靠环境流量、环境容量的动静协调、统筹综合支撑3大转变,同时,加强法律、制度、管理、政策、社会等政策措施对环保新思维的支撑和保障工作,推进生态环境治理体系和治理能力的现代化。     

新常态下我国环境政策的需求和建议

文章以新常态下经济社会新特点、新方向为出发点,分析了经济增速放缓、结构转型等对资源环境的新影响以及环境管理的新需求,并从释放政策潜力、激活市场活力、提高创新能力3方面,提出了我国环境政策发展的新思路与建议。     

Changing legislative thinking in China to better protect wild animals and human health

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the inadequacy of China's legal protection of wildlife. Long-standing illegal wildlife trade in China and worldwide increases the risk of zoonotic infectious diseases. We sought to improve the understanding of China’ legal system for the protection of wildlife, which has at its core the wildlife protection law, by systematically evaluating the laws and regulations of China's Wildlife Protection Framework. We examined how existing legal documents (e.g., the Wildlife Protection Law 2018) are directly or indirectly related to wildlife conservation. The inherent defects of wildlife protection legislation include a narrow scope of protection, insufficient public participation, and inconsistent enforcement among responsible agencies. Solutions to improve China's Wildlife Protection Law include expanding the legal protection of wildlife, and improving monitoring of wildlife protection. Strengthening legislation will be the basis for effective regulation of the use of wild animals. We advocate the establishment of a sound wildlife protection legal system for resolving conflicts between humans and wild animals and preventing zoonotic disease, such a system will have a profound impact on the sustainable development of China's wildlife resources.     

Recycling for small island tourism developments: Food waste composting at Sandals Emerald Bay,Exuma, Bahamas

The ability for small islands to meet sustainability goals is exacerbated by the costs of transporting goods on, and then, wastes off the islands. At small scales, recycling can be prohibitive and complicated by labor costs; the need to profitably recycle and manage solid waste output from tourism is complicated by scale and available technologies. A multi-year study documents the amount of solid waste generated on Great Exuma (Exuma), The Commonwealth of The Bahamas since 2010 with one year of benchmarking, then limited recycling of food waste generation by an all-inclusive resort, Sandals Emerald Bay (SEB). For the island of Exuma, the rapid increase in the rate of accumulation of solid waste associated with a large destination resort has led to an increase in pests such as rats and flies, along with an increased occurrence of fires associated with unburied solid waste. Solid waste has accumulated faster than the island solid waste management can absorb. SEB kitchen and hotel operations contributes an estimated 36% of all solid waste generated on the island, about 1752 t¹ out of a total of 4841 t generated on the island in 2013 (exclusive of vegetation waste). Based on 4 weeks of benchmarking, 48.5% of all the waste coming out of the SEB resort is compostable, organic waste, but waste composition varies widely over time. Exuma Waste Management (EWM) and Recycle Exuma (RE), both privately-held Bahamian businesses, worked for one year (2012–2013) with SEB resort to implement a benchmarking and pilot recycling project to meet Earth Check green resort certification requirements. This paper outlines the costs and resources required for food waste recycling and some barriers to implementing more effective solid waste management for the tourism industry on small islands.