某铁矿职业病预评价中危害因素的识别与分析

职业病危害因素识别与分析是职业病危害预评价的基础,识别与分析的结果直接关系到职业病危害预评价结论的合理性和科学性。以某铁矿职业病危害预评价为例,重点阐述了系统工程分析法和类比调查法在预评价中职业病危害因素识别与分析的应用。通过对原辅材料、生产工艺和设备以及类比工程进行分析,识别了某铁矿可能存在的职业病危害因素,并分析了职业病危害程度,得出来了凿岩工是白指病、噪声聋、尘肺的易感人群,球磨工和破碎工罹患尘肺病和噪声聋的概率较大,凿岩工、球磨工和破碎工是本项目重点保护对象和监护人群的结论。     

纳米零价铁对溶液中PCB77的降解及其影响因素

设计了以溶液初始pH值、3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯(PCB77)初始浓度、纳米零价铁(Fe0)投加量、纳米零价硅(Si0)投加量、腐殖酸和环糊精浓度为影响因素的正交试验,研究纳米Fe0降解PCB77时各因素对反应体系中PCB77残留率、氢离子浓度及氧化还原电位变化的影响及其相互关系。结果表明,在溶液初始pH值为4.5,初始ρ(PCB77)为1 mg.L-1,纳米Fe0投加量为10 g.L-1,纳米Si0投加量为0,ρ(腐殖酸)为0.25 g.L-1,ρ(环糊精)为1 g.L-1时,反应2 h后,PCB77残留率最低,为35.2%。溶液初始pH值对反应体系中PCB77的残留率影响最大,纳米Fe0投加量次之;溶液初始pH值对反应体系中氢离子浓度变化影响最大,环糊精投加量次之;PCB77初始浓度对反应体系中氧化还原电位变化影响最大,纳米Fe0投加量次之。     

我国重工业企业烟气脱硫技术及存在的问题

为使企业在"十二五"期间达到SO2减排指标,总结出几种目前应用普遍,技术成熟,投资、运行成本较低的脱硫工艺,包括烟气脱硫的基本原理、主要设备、技术难点及存在的问题。供企业新建,改建或扩建脱硫系统借鉴。     

用钢管酸洗废水生产聚合硫酸铁技术的研究和应用

为了解决钢管酸洗废水污染环境和浪费资源难题,可用其生产聚合硫酸铁,从而实现循环经济。采用蒸发浓缩和催化聚合反应实现聚合硫酸铁的生成。其产品质量达《净水剂聚合硫酸铁》标准,可作为絮凝剂使用。研究和实践证明,用钢管酸洗废水制备聚合硫酸铁是可行的,具有明显的经济效益和环境效益,值得推广。     

Reduction of hexavalent chromium with scrap iron in a fixed bed reactor

The reduction of hexavalent chromium by scrap iron was investigated in continuous long-term fixed bed system. The effects of pH, empty bed contact time (EBCT), and initial Cr(VI) concentration on Cr(VI) reduction were studied. The results showed that the pH, EBCT, and initial Cr(VI) concentration significantly affected the reduction capacity of scrap iron. The reduction capacity of scrap iron were 4.56, 1.51, and 0.57 mg Cr(VI)·g^-1 Fe⁰ at pH 3, 5, and 7 (initial Cr(VI) concentration 4 mg·L^-1, EBCT 2 min, and temperature 25°C), 0.51, 1.51, and 2.85 mg Cr(VI)·g^-1 Fe⁰ at EBCTs of 0.5, 2.0, and 6.0 min (initial Cr(VI) concentration 4 mg·L^-1, pH 5, and temperature 25°C), and 2.99, 1.51, and 1.01 mg Cr(VI)·g^-1 Fe⁰ at influent concentrations of 1, 4, and 8 mg·L^-1 (EBCT 2 min, pH 5, and temperature 25°C), respectively. Fe(total) concentration in the column effluent continuously decreased in time, due to a decrease in time of the iron corrosion rate. The fixed bed reactor can be readily used for the treatment of drinking water containing low amounts of Cr(VI) ions, although the hardness and humic acid in water may shorten the lifetime of the reactor, the reduction capacity of scrap iron still achieved 1.98 mg Cr⁶⁺·g^-1 Fe. Scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersion spectrometer and X-ray diffraction were conducted to examine the surface species of the scrap iron before and after its use. In addition to iron oxides and hydroxide species, iron-chromium complex was also observed on the reacted scrap iron.     

生物硫铁复合材料处理含铜废水及机理研究

利用Hungate分离出一株产生物硫铁复合材料(生物硫铁)的硫酸盐还原菌SRB2,考察了投加量、pH值、温度、搅拌速度对生物硫铁处理含铜废水的影响,并分别从化学置换、胞外聚合物(EPS)吸附等途径研究了生物硫铁去除Cu2+的机理.结果表明,生物硫铁投加量越大、温度越高对铜的去除效果最好,在pH4.0、35℃、0.6661g生物硫铁、搅拌速度100r/min时,2min即可使Cu2+去除率达到99.9%以上.化学置换途径在生物硫铁去除Cu2+时占主导地位,10min去除率达90.9%,EPS吸附途径在生物硫铁去除Cu2+过程中不占优势,24h去除率为38%.     

弯管与盲通管冲蚀磨损对比分析研究

为了研究石油管道流向急剧改变处的冲蚀磨损问题,采用DPM模型,通过改变入口流速、颗粒质量流速、颗粒直径,对90°弯管与盲通管的流场分布及冲蚀情况进行数值模拟。结果表明:弯管与盲通管最大冲蚀速率随入口流速的增大呈指数增长,随颗粒质量流速的增大呈线性增长;在50~100 μm粒径范围内,最大冲蚀速率随粒径的增加逐渐减小,在100~300 μm粒径范围内,随粒径的增加而增大;在入口流速、颗粒质量流速、颗粒直径相同的条件下,弯管最大冲蚀速率明显高于盲通管最大冲蚀速率,盲通管的耐蚀性更强;由于流体在盲通管产生涡旋现象,增加了颗粒能量的耗散,从而减小了进入下游管线颗粒的速率,使得颗粒更易积存于盲通段形成堆积层,减小了下游管段冲蚀速率。     

富里酸和胡敏酸对水铁矿转化过程中铁氧化物上铜释放动力学特性的影响

在受重金属污染的土壤中,天然有机质（NOM）和重金属通常会同时参与铁氧化物的转化.但关于这一重要的环境反应过程中重金属释放动力学的研究目前还比较少.为阐明NOM对铁氧化物转化过程中Cu释放行为的影响,本研究使用两种代表性NOM：富里酸（FA）和胡敏酸（HA）,开展了二者存在下的"铁氧化物-重金属-NOM"转化研究,并对转化不同时间点的铁氧化物进行了Cu释放动力学实验.动力学实验中采用了一个流动搅拌装置模拟pH=5.5环境条件下Cu的释放过程.结果表明,Cu的释放量随着铁氧化物的转化而降低,NOM的存在增加了Cu在流动搅拌实验中的释放量.球差校正扫描透射电子显微镜（Cs-STEM）结果显示,铜可以掺入铁氧化物纳米颗粒中,可以有效固定Cu,而FA和HA处理均产生了具有疏松结构的椭球形颗粒,为Cu的吸附提供了丰富的位点.这种疏松的结构导致了更多吸附态Cu的存在,阻碍了铜的掺入,与Cu释放结果一致.因此,Cu释放能力的差异性主要是铁氧化物老化的结果,与Cu和NOM的络合关系不大.这项研究的结果将有助于更好地理解在NOM存在下铁氧化物转化过程中Cu的环境行为,同时在纳米尺度上阐明Cu和C与赤铁矿相互作用的机理.     

洱海沉积物有机质、铁、锰对磷的赋存特征和释放影响

利用SMT磷连续提取分级方法研究了洱海表层沉积物中磷的赋存特征,探讨有机质(OM),Fe和Mn对磷赋存形态及释放的影响,同时评估了洱海沉积物磷的释放风险. 结果表明:洱海表层沉积物w(TP)为710.3～1 961.2 mg/kg,其中w(Ca-P)最高(占36.9%～59.2%),w(OP)次之(占24.6%～36.9%),w(Fe/Al-P)最低(占9.8%～20.7%);w(OM)为25.0～119.6 mg/g,与w(TP)和w(Ca-P)呈显著负相关;w(总锰)为0.8～3.8 mg/g,w(总铁)为34.3～127.2 mg/g,均与w(TP)及其各形态磷含量呈显著正相关. 沉积物中w(Fe/Al-P)/w(Ca-P)比低于0.5,且w(总铁)/w(TP)远大于20,表明磷释放强度小,但w(TOC)/w(OP)<200,说明有机磷的潜在释放风险较大. w(TP)及其各形态磷含量均与无定形铁氧化物(Feo-Fep)含量呈显著正相关,而与结晶态铁氧化物(Fed-Feo)含量的相关性不显著,且全湖沉积物中的铁氧化物以Feo-Fep为主,表明洱海沉积物磷释放主要受Feo-Fep控制.      

Small-scale physical explosions in shock tubes in comparison with condensed high explosive detonations

A series of small-scale experiments involving physical explosions in a 1.6 l pressure vessel was carried out. Explosions were initiated by spontaneous rupture of an aluminium membrane on one side of the vessel at a pressure in the range 1–1.2 MPa. The pressure waves released were measured at different distances along two separate shock tubes, one 10 m long and 200 mm in diameter (closed at one end by the high pressure vessel) and the other 15 m long and 100 mm in diameter.TNT equivalency was used for predicting the blast wave characteristics after vessel rupture. TNT equivalency was used because equations for prediction of peak pressure and impulse of the blast wave in 1-D geometry after detonations of condensed explosives are known. Some experiments with an equivalent amount of real explosive were carried out for comparison with the theoretical and experimental data obtained. The applicability of the TNT equivalency method presented for calculations of maximum pressure and shock wave impulse generated after rupture of the pressure vessel in 1-D geometry is discussed.