辽东湾大气中多环芳烃的含量组成及气粒分配

2016年5月和8月对辽东湾大气环境中气相和颗粒相样品进行了走航和定点采集,并对24种PAHs在气相和颗粒相中的含量和组成进行探讨,对15种PAHs的气粒分配过程进行了分析.结果表明：5月和8月辽东湾大气气相和颗粒相中∑₂₄PAHs总平均含量分别为28.8 ng·m^-3和24.0 ng·m^-3,气相中∑₂₄PAHs含量5月小于8月,颗粒态∑₂₄PAHs含量5月大于8月,低分子量PAHs主要分布在气相中,高分子量PAHs组分主要分布在颗粒相,中等分子量PAHs的气粒分配更容易受到气温等环境条件影响;气粒分配系数K_p随着PAHs分子量增加而增加;lgK_p-lgP_L模型和lgK_p-lgK_OA模型的斜率m分别为-0.35和0.37,偏离平衡态m为-1或+1,辽东湾气粒分配未达到平衡;假设达到平衡态时的lgK_p-lgK_OA模型、lgK_p-lgP_L模型和碳黑-空气模型均表明,5环PAHs的模型预测结果与实际测定结果之间的吻合程度较好,15种PAHs的碳黑-空气模型能够更好地接近野外实际测定值,低分子量和中等分子量PAHs的气粒分配受到碳黑影响较大.     

厦门杏林湾水系表层沉积物中PAHs分析与风险评估

利用ASE-GC-MS(加速溶剂萃取与气相色谱质谱仪联用)方法分析了USEPA(美国环保署)16种优控PAHs在厦门城郊杏林湾水系的19个表层沉积物样点中的含量,并对其组成、来源和风险进行了探讨.结果表明,杏林湾水系表层沉积物中PAHs含量介于413.00~2 748.81 ng·g-1,均值为949.56 ng·g-1;在检测出的13种PAHs中,强致癌性的Bk F和Bghi P检出率高达73.68%,均值分别为69.15 ng·g-1和49.86 ng·g-1;PAHs以2~4环为主,其中2+3环比例均值为61.03%,4环比例均值为23.53%;5和6环均值为15.82%.在所采集的沉积物样品中,中度污染占调查样品数的68.42%,高度污染的占31.58%.利用Ant/(Ant+Phe)和Fla/(Fla+Pyr)比值法和主成分分析方法对杏林湾流域中PAHs其来源进行分析,以及平均沉积物质量基准商(m SQG-Q)法进行生态风险评估,结果表明其PAHs的主要来源为石油源以及石油燃烧源;SQG-Q小于0.50;综合含量、组成特征以及沉积物质量基准商等评价表明,研究区域内靠近杏林工业区一侧的2、3、5和9号采样区以及13号港头采样区表层沉积物中PAHs具有较高的生态安全风险;值得进一步关注.     

Paternal expenditure is related to brood sex ratio in polygynous great reed warblers

In many polygynous animals, parents invest more heavily in individual sons than in daughters. However, it is unclear if these differences in investment are a consequence of sex differences in the demand of offspring related to sexual size dimorphism or a consequence of parental manipulation. Here, we report on parental food delivery frequency in relation to brood size and brood sex ratio in a wild population of polygynous great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus. We used the polymorphic microsatellite loci on the Z chromosome to sex chicks. We found that paternal feeding frequency (times/h per nest) increased not with brood size, but with the proportion of males in the brood, although the demand per nest was more closely related to brood size than to brood sex ratio. Additionally, the increase in rate of paternal feeding frequency in relation to the brood sex ratio was much higher than the increase in rate of nestling food demands. Maternal feeding frequency was independent of both brood size and brood sex ratio. These results strongly suggest that fathers preferentially invest in their sons. We propose that parents can afford sex-biased parental care in animals in which food provisioning is enough for all offspring to survive. Received: 22 January 1996/Accepted after revision: 30 June 1996     

INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF THE GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE BASIN1

Neither Canada nor the United States attach much importance to the International Joint Commission (IJC) judging by the size of staffs and annual budgets. The Commission has been restricted to a relatively minor number of functions in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence. It has investigated: the degree and causes of water and air quality deterioration; the effects of hydroelectric and navigation projects on water levels; the impacts of water-level fluctuations; and the feasibility of a deep waterway from the St. Lawrence to the Hudson River. Projects approved by the Commission have produced less than might be expected through no fault of the Commission. The Great Lakes Fishery Commission has promoted little international management. Budgetary limitations restrict its lamprey control program; institutional limitations restrict its ability to deal effectively with fishery problems. Commission responsibilities are limited to coordination and advisory functions. Since Canada and the United States have not chosen to refer most aspects of river basin management to international bodies, an institutional void exists in the Great Lakes Basin to consider these questions on a continuous basis. There is a need for expanded international cooperation.     

圆管空拔壁厚变化分析

此文利用主应力法推导出圆管空拔壁厚变化量解析式。该式计算结果与以定常三维流动上界解析同类问题结果相接近,且表达式简单,也与拔管的实验结果相一致。因而,可在圆管空拔壁厚计算时推广应用。     

Metal bioaccumulation and metallothionein concentrations in larvae of Crassostrea gigas

Larval stages of bivalve molluscs are highly sensitive to pollutants. Oysters from a hatchery from Normandy (English Channel) were induced to spawn, and fertilized eggs were exposed to copper or cadmium for 24 h. Metal accumulation (from 0.125 to 5 microg Cu L(-1) and from 25 to 200 microg Cd L(-1)) and MT concentrations were measured in larvae. Compared to controls, larvae accumulated copper and cadmium with an increase in MT concentrations particularly with cadmium (i.e. 130.96 ng Cu (mg protein)(-1) and 12.69 microg MT (mg protein)(-1) at 1 microg Cu L(-1) versus 23.19 ng Cu (mg protein)(-1) and 8.92 microg MT (mg protein)(-1) in control larvae; 334.3 ng Cd (mg protein)(-1) and 11.70 microg MT (mg protein)(-1) at 200 microg Cd L(-1) versus 0.87 ng Cd (mg protein)(-1) and 4.60 microg MT (mg protein)(-1) in control larvae). Larvae were also obtained from oysters of a clean area (Arcachon Bay) and a polluted zone (Bidassoa estuary) and exposed to copper in the laboratory, their MT concentration was measured as well as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Biomarker responses and sensitivity to copper for the larvae from Arcachon oysters were higher than for those from Bidassoa.     

Impact of conservation areas on trophic interactions between apex predators and herbivores on coral reefs

Apex predators are declining at alarming rates due to exploitation by humans, but we have yet to fully discern the impacts of apex predator loss on ecosystem function. In a management context, it is critically important to clarify the role apex predators play in structuring populations of lower trophic levels. Thus, we examined the top‐down influence of reef sharks (an apex predator on coral reefs) and mesopredators on large‐bodied herbivores. We measured the abundance, size structure, and biomass of apex predators, mesopredators, and herbivores across fished, no‐take, and no‐entry management zones in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Shark abundance and mesopredator size and biomass were higher in no‐entry zones than in fished and no‐take zones, which indicates the viability of strictly enforced human exclusion areas as tools for the conservation of predator communities. Changes in predator populations due to protection in no‐entry zones did not have a discernible influence on the density, size, or biomass of different functional groups of herbivorous fishes. The lack of a relationship between predators and herbivores suggests that top‐down forces may not play a strong role in regulating large‐bodied herbivorous coral reef fish populations. Given this inconsistency with traditional ecological theories of trophic cascades, trophic structures on coral reefs may need to be reassessed to enable the establishment of appropriate and effective management regimes. El Impacto de las Áreas de Conservación sobre las Interacciones Tróficas entre los Depredadores Dominantes y los Herbívoros en los Arrecifes de Coral     

Restoration of Some Parameters in the Development of Benthos After Reduction of Anthropogenous Loading in the Ecosystem of the Sevastopol Bay in the Black Sea

Research on benthic communities have been carried out in the Sevastopol Bay of the Black Sea for a hundred years. The anthropogenous influence began to have an effect already in the 20–30^th. In this period, all oyster-banks were lost and the mussel-silt and mellina-silt communities have begun to degrade and were not found during almost seventy years in the Bay. The worst state of benthic communities was observed in the 60–90^th, when species of bottom animals were not found over some parts of the sea. In this period, only 10 macrozoobenthic species were registered in the Bay. Mollusks: Nassarius reticulatus, Bittium reticulatum, Cerastoderma glaucum and polychaetes: Nephtys hombergii, Neanthes succinea have proved the most enduring at high anthropogenous loadings The faunistic complex of benthic species registered in 1913 had the greatest similarity to the benthic species complex of 2002. Return of mussel, Melinna palmata polychaete and Ascidiella aspersa sea squirt in benthic communities of the Sevastopol Bay are responsible for the similarity between these faunistic complexes. The restoration of local populations of these benthic species has followed the significant decrease of the anthropogenous loading on the sea ecosystems as a result of the significant reduction of the military naval base in the Bay during the last five to ten years.     

芝罘湾沉积物中可提取相重金属研究

讨论了芝罘湾沉积物酸提取相中Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｃｒ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｌｉ、Ｋ的分特征，及其在环境中的赋存形式，并与其它海区资料相比，得出该湾沉积物已受到重金属污染的结论。     

王哥庄湾陆源硝酸盐氮输送通量研究

以汇水区域相对独立的崂山王哥庄地区为例 ,通过研究该区的水文地质条件、分析地表水和地下水中的硝酸盐氮 (NO3 N) ,采用流量法和断面法分别对河流和地下水向王哥庄湾的NO3 N输送量进行了计算。结果表明 ,1999年 5月下旬地下水向海洋输送的NO3 N占整个陆源输入量的 30 .0 6 % ,说明地下水向海洋的营养盐输送量是海洋环境评估的重要边界条件。