施粪肥土壤中抗生素的提取条件优化及残留特征

为确立高效的土壤抗生素提取条件,揭示施用粪肥土壤中抗生素的残留水平,分别采集江苏省常州市某养猪场新鲜猪粪样品6份、施用粪肥及无机肥水稻土壤样品各13份,对土壤抗生素提取液配比与超声提取时间进行筛选,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）对生猪粪便和土壤中的四大类（四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类和大环内脂类）15种抗生素含量进行检测分析。结果表明,最优提取条件选择为：提取液配比为甲醇：EDTA=1：1,超声提取时间为10 min,四环素类抗生素的加标回收率为73.2%~93.4%,磺胺类为81.2%~101.1%,喹诺酮类为106.3%~110.8%。该养猪场猪粪与施粪肥土壤中均未检测到大环内脂类抗生素,其余各类抗生素平均残留量从高到低排序分别为：猪粪中四环素类 > 磺胺类 > 喹诺酮类;施粪肥土壤中四环素类 > 喹诺酮类 > 磺胺类,四环素类是最主要的抗生素污染物,残留量分别为猪粪中1.9~12.5 mg·kg-1、施粪肥土壤中23.9~212.4 μg·kg-1;施无机肥土壤中未检测出抗生素,施粪肥土壤中的抗生素来源于生猪粪便。     

蚯蚓粪生物炭对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

为寻求蚯蚓粪便(EM)新型的资源化利用途径,以 EM 为原料制备生物炭(EMBC),用于吸附废水中 Cu(Ⅱ)。在探讨 EMBC 基本性质的基础上,研究了 Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度、时间、 pH 、温度、离子强度、 EMBC 投加量等因素对吸附效果的影响,并分析了潜在的吸附机理。结果表明:EMBC 对 Cu(Ⅱ)吸附量随初始浓度和温度的增加而增加;EMBC 对 Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附在 24 h 内可达到平衡;单位质量 EMBC 对 Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附量随 EMBC 投加量的增加而减小,EMBC 对 Cu(Ⅱ)吸附量随 pH 和离子强度的增加先降后升。Freundlich 等温吸附模型能更好地拟合 EMBC 对 Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附行为(R2=1),且二级吸附动力学可以更好地描述吸附过程(R2=0.99),结合傅立叶红外光谱分析,表明 EMBC 对 Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附机制可能是化学吸附作用为主。     

Treating solid dairy manure using microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process

The microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW/H₂O₂-AOP) was used to treat separated solid dairy manure for nutrient release and solids reduction. The MW/H₂O₂-AOP was conducted at a microwave temperature of 120°C for 10 minutes, and at three pH conditions of 3.5, 7.3 and 12. The hydrogen peroxide dosage at approximately 2 mL per 1% TS for a 30 mL sample was used in this study, reflecting a range of 0.53–0.75 g H₂O₂/g dry sludge. The results indicated that substantial quantities of nutrients could be released into the solution at pH of 3.5. However, at neutral and basic conditions only volatile fatty acids and soluble chemical oxygen demand could be released. The analyses on orthophosphate, soluble chemical oxygen demands and volatile fatty acids were re-examined for dairy manure. It was found that the orthophosphate concentration for untreated samples at a higher % total solids (TS) was suppressed and lesser than actual. To overcome this difficulty, the initial orthophosphate concentration had to be measured at 0.5% TS.     

Aerobic treatment of swine manure to enhance anaerobic digestion and microalgal cultivation

Aerobic treatment of swine manure was coupled with anaerobic digestion and microalgal cultivation. A 14-day aerobic treatment reduced the total solid content of swine manure by >15%. Ammonia and carbon dioxide were stripped by the air supplied, and this off-gas was further used to aerate the culture of Chlorella vulgaris. The microalgal growth rates in Bristol medium and the wastewater with the off-gas increased from 0.08 to 0.22 g/L/d and from 0.15 to 0.24 g/L/d, respectively. Meanwhile, the aerobically treated swine manure showed a higher methane yield during anaerobic digestion. The experimental results were used to establish a demonstration unit consisting of a 100 L composter, a 200 L anaerobic digester, a 60 L tubular photobioreactor, and a 300 L micro-open raceway pond.     

Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in livestock manure and manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province,China

The aim of this study was to investigate the pollution characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil of livestock farms in Jiangsu province. This investigation employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total of 53 manure and 50 amended soil samples from 16 livestock farms in Jiangsu province were collected for analysis. In the manure samples, the highest detected frequencies and concentrations were those of tetracyclines (TCs, 54.1 ± 5775.6 μgkg^?1), followed by fluoroquinolones (FQs, 8.4 ± 435.6 μgkg^?1), sulphonamides (SAs, 3.2 ± 5.2 μgkg^?1) and macrolides (MACs, 0.4 ± 110.5 μgkg^?1). Statistical analysis was used to illuminate the pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics for various animal types and different regions in Jiangsu province. The results showed that the pollution level in cow manure was relatively lower compared with pig and chicken manure due to the relative restriction of medication. Furthermore, contamination was serious in amended soil from chicken farms. The pollution level in manure among different regions was higher to the south and north compared with the centre of the region. The same outcome was found for soil. Antibiotic residues in organic fertilizer were also investigated in this study. We found that although the detected concentration was lower in organic fertilizer than in fresh manure, detection frequencies (10–90%) were high, especially for roxithromycin (90%) in MACs (30–90%). This finding suggests attention should be paid to the pollution levels in organic fertilizer. This study is the first extensive investigation of the occurrence and distribution of many kinds of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil from livestock farms of Jiangsu province. This investigation systematically assesses veterinary antibiotics usage and related emissions in southeast China.     

氨氮浓度对猪粪厌氧消化及产甲烷菌群结构的影响

氨氮抑制是影响高含固厌氧消化推广应用的主要因素之一。通过批式实验,采用外源氨氮投加方式,考察了厌氧消化过程中不同氨氮浓度对鲜猪粪产甲烷效果和产甲烷菌群结构的影响。结果表明：氨氮添加量为2 000 mg·L-1（TAN≈3 596.7 mg·L-1）时,日产甲烷速率及累积产甲烷量均明显下降;添加量大于4 000 mg·L-1（TAN≈5 618.7 mg·L-1）时,氨氮抑制加剧,出现VFAs累积、产甲烷高峰期后移、丙酸降解失败。不同氨氮投加量下猪粪中挥发性固体（VS）产甲烷率分别为（369.0 ± 17.3）、（318.5 ± 7.6）、（234.7 ± 2.5）、（165.4 ± 19.4）mL·g-1,产甲烷效率较对照组分别下降14%、36%和55%。超过4 000 mg·L-1的外源氨氮投加促使产甲烷菌群结构发生显著变化,乙酸利用型产甲烷优势菌Methanosaeta 逐渐被Methanosarcina代替,而氢利用型产甲烷菌属中Methanospirillum的优势性逐渐被Methanoculleus和Methanomassiliicoccus取代,说明后者均有较强的氨氮耐受性。主成分分析和冗余分析表明,高浓度氨氮会促使产甲烷途径由乙酸利用型为主向氢利用型为主转变。     

不同供氧方式对液体粪污贮存过程中氮养分变化的影响

近年来,随着中国畜牧业的快速发展,畜禽粪污的处理和利用越来越受到人们的重视。规模化养殖场中,液体粪污的产生量占粪污产生总量的近60%,是近年来畜禽粪污处理的研究难点和热点。为探索不同通风方式对液体粪污贮存过程中氮养分变化的影响,本研究以猪场全量收集的液体粪污为研究对象,进行了为期180 d的贮存发酵试验。试验设置了自然贮存、机械搅拌和强制曝气3个处理,分析了液体粪污贮存过程中NH₃、TN、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃⁻-N、NO₂⁻-N、Organic-N等指标变化规律。研究结果表明：与自然贮存相比,机械搅拌处理与强制曝气处理对于氮养分固持与NH₃减排方面具有较好的效果,强制曝气处理相较于机械搅拌处理TN含量提高了9.89%,Organic-N含量提高了13.46%,NO₂⁻-N含量降低了37.62%,NO₃⁻-N含量降低了16.78%,NH₄⁺-N含量降低了3.11%,NH₃排放量减少了60.73%。各处理中TN含量随贮存时间的增加而逐渐下降,其损失率变化为自然贮存>机械搅拌>强制曝气。各处理中NH₃随贮存时间的增加而逐渐增加,强制曝气处理的NH₃减排率远高于自然贮存与机械搅拌。整体来看,液体粪污贮存过程中强制曝气处理可显著减少NH₃的排放量,有利于氮养分的留存。     

从委托代理理论谈中国的环境影响评价制度

根据委托代理理论,分析了中国环境影响评价制度中存在的问题,立足于绿色招商的理念,理顺建设项目环评委托代理关系,明确了建设单位、环评单位、招商部门、环保部门等相互之间的关系和职责,以使中国的环境影响评价制度更适应新型工业化道路发展的要求。