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921.
Henry F. Enos 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):1059-1070
Abstract The importance of quality control procedures to the collection of pesticide residue data is discussed. The equipment requirements of an adequate, safe pesticide residue laboratory are presented. Equipment maintenance, personnel training, and preservation of samples is also reviewed. Appropriate objectives for an intra‐laboratory quality control program are outlined. 相似文献
922.
建立了顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法定性定量检测水中苯甲醚的分析方法。对影响检测结果的因素如萃取头的选择、萃取时间等进行了优化。经过条件优化,方法在1~1 000 μg/L 范围内线性良好,线性相关系数>0.999,实际水样加标质量浓度分别为10,60,300 μg/L时,加标回收率为85%~120%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.95%~6.72%。全扫描模式下,苯甲醚的检出限为0.3 μg/L。实验结果表明,该方法快速、简便、灵敏度高,方法精密度和准确度均能满足水中微量及痕量苯甲醚检测的要求。 相似文献
923.
Coal production globally is projected to grow in the foreseeable future. Countries with heavy reliance on coal could reduce methane and other emissions through the capture and utilization of coal mine methane (CMM) in the short and medium term, while they pursue structural and long-term economic changes. Several countries have successfully implemented policies to promote CMM capture and utilization; however, some countries still struggle to implement projects. This paper outlines key factors to consider in adapting policies for CMM mitigation. The authors propose an approach for selecting adequate mechanisms for stimulating CMM mitigation that involves reviewing global best practices and categorizing them functionally either as mechanisms needed to improve the underlying conditions or as CMM-specific policies. It is important to understand local policy frameworks and to consider whether it is more feasible to improve underlying policy conditions or to provide targeted incentives as an interim measure.Using Kazakhstan as a case study, the authors demonstrate how policymakers could assess the overall policy framework to find the most promising options to facilitate CMM projects. Kazakhstan’s emissions from underground coal mines have been increasing both in total and per tonne of coal production, while overall production has been declining. CMM mitigation presents an opportunity for the country to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions in the near and medium term, while the government pursues sustainable development goals. Analysis shows that policymakers in Kazakhstan can leverage existing policies to stimulate utilization by extending feed-in tariffs to cover CMM and by developing working methodologies for companies to obtain emission reduction credits from CMM projects. 相似文献
924.
Scaling parameters for vented gas and dust explosions 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Results of experiments or calculations for vented explosions are usually presented by expressing a term containing the peak (reduced) pressure as a function of a vent parameter. In gas explosions, the reactivity of the system has been typically characterized through an effective burning velocity, uf. In the case of dust explosions, a normalized peak rate of pressure rise, K(=V1/3(dp/dt)max), has been used instead. Depending on the chosen approach, comparisons between systems with the same “reactivity” take different meanings. In fact, correlation formulas resulting from these two approaches imply different scaling between important system parameters. In the case of a constant-uf system, and for sufficiently large vent areas, the reduced pressure, Δpr, is approximately proportional to the square of the peak unvented pressure, Δpm. On the other hand, correlations developed for constant-K systems imply proportionality of Δpr with Δpm raised to a power between −5/3 and −1, with the exact value depending on the assumptions made on the shape of the pressure profile. While the ultimate resolution of the details of the scaling may require recourse to experiments, this theoretical analysis offers a tool for the planning of such experiments and for the interpretation of their results. The paper provides a discussion of these scaling issues with the help of predictions from an isothermal model of vented explosions. 相似文献
925.
瓦斯爆炸阻隔爆装置失效原因的实验研究 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
通过对水平管道内瓦斯爆炸的火焰结构及压力结构的实验研究 ,分析了瓦斯爆炸阻隔爆装置的失效原因。结果表明 ,瓦斯爆炸火焰是沿着管道的底部向前传播的 ,火焰长度较长 ,并具有较高的内聚力。阻隔爆装置的失效原因是由于其动作延迟时间与火焰到达装置位置所需的时间不一致 ,使释放出的抑制剂不能有效地覆盖整个火焰区 ,造成具有较高内聚力的火焰 ,在其后部巨大爆炸产物膨胀压力的推动下继续向前传播 相似文献
926.
岩浆侵蚀区煤层孔隙结构特征及其对瓦斯赋存之影响分析 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11
在煤样煤层瓦斯含量、瓦斯组分和煤的孔容特征的实验测定基础上 ,分析了岩浆岩侵蚀区煤层瓦斯组分特征 ;研讨了孔隙结构特征 ,岩浆岩侵蚀对煤层孔隙瓦斯赋存及涌出的影响规律。这些结果为煤矿井田不同区域开采时 ,选用安全技术措施提供了科学依据 相似文献
927.
利用大型烃分析仪(GHM)对小型柴油车尾气排气管内的黑色残余物进行了定量和定性分析,讨论了残余物质中所含各种类型有机污染物的数量和组成特征。研究结果表明,柴油机在燃烧过程中存在着不完全燃烧现象,尾气黑色残余物中含有129.17mg/g的有机污染物,它们大多为可造成严重环境污染的高熔点、强毒性的重质极性有机污染物。 相似文献
928.
从提高秸秆类生物质利用效率与利用价值、提高农民生活质量与生活品位、减少污染、充分利用可再生能源资源和延缓不可再生能源资源的持续利用等,阐明推广应用秸秆类生物质气化集中供气技术的重要意义;介绍气化基本原理与工艺流程,秸秆类生物质粉碎后通过干燥、裂解反应、氧化反应和还原反应,即可完成气化全过程;气化工程由燃气发生炉机组、储气柜、输气管网和用户燃气设备4部分组成;秸秆类生物质燃气与城市管道煤气具有共同的特点。 相似文献
929.
西气东输工程的环境协同效应研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
协同效应研究是气候变化政策研究的新领域,也是非常重要的领域.西气东输工程的主要目的是为我国中东部地区输送丰富的天然气资源,但其实施同时也有助于减少东部地区大气污染物排放,改善大气质量.利用较成熟的中国区域环境与经济综合评价模型(AIM-LOCAL/China模型),从用气项目的SO2和CO2排放的常规情景(BAU)和利用天然气后的情景(NGS)两方面进行了量化比较,分析西气东输工程的环境协同效应.研究发现:在用气项目的范围内,NGS情景下的SO2排放相比BAU情景明显减少,同时CO2等温室气体排放也大幅减少.2003-2020年,累计可以减排约312×104 t SO2和3 475×104 t CO2,分别比BAU情景减排40.5%和17.9%.从4个用气部门来看,不论是SO2还是CO2,电力部门用气项目的减排量都占突出位置. 相似文献
930.
Marco Antonio Leonel Caetano Douglas Francisco Marcolino Gherardi Gustavo de Paula Ribeiro Takashi Yoneyama 《Ecological modelling》2009,220(19):2536-2542
The recent global financial crisis has highlighted the need for balanced and efficient investments in the reduction of the greenhouse effect caused by emissions of CO2 on a global scale. In a previous paper, the authors proposed a mathematical model describing the dynamic relation of CO2 emission with investment in reforestation and clean technology. An efficient allocation of resources to reduce the greenhouse effect has also been proposed. Here, this model is used to provide estimates of the investments needed in land reforestation and in the adoption of clean technologies for an optimum emission and abatement of CO2, for the period of 1996–2014. The required investments are computed to minimize deviations with respect to the emission targets proposed in the Kyoto Protocol for European Countries. The emission target can be achieved by 2014 with investments in reforestation peaking in 2004, and a reduction of the expected GDP of 42%, relative to 2006. Investments in clean technology should increase between 2008 and 2010 with maximum transfer figures around 70 million American dollars. Total (cumulative) costs are, however, relatively high depending on the price of carbon abatement and the rate at which the expected CO2 concentration in the atmosphere should be reduced. Results highlight the advantages for policy makers to be able to manage investments in climate policy more efficiently, controlling optimum transfers based on a portfolio of actions that tracks a pre-defined CO2 concentration target. 相似文献