Capturing fugitive methane emissions from natural gas compressor buildings

Fugitive methane emissions account for about 50% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the Canadian conventional oil and gas sector. Sources include leaks in natural gas transmission facilities such as pipelines and compressor stations. There are three sources of methane emissions in a compressor station. The first is emissions resulting from incomplete combustion in the engine; the second is leaks in valves, flanges and other equipment in the building; and the third results from instrument venting. Fugitive methane emissions may be in low concentration relative to air, and thus cannot be destroyed by conventional combustion (below flammability limits of about 5-16%). The present study investigates the feasibility of capturing methane emissions from a compressor station. Computer modelling of the flow patterns of lean methane emissions inside the building is used to show the influence of doors, vents and leak location. Simulations show that for a typical building most fugitive methane exits through the ridge vent provided that the main doors remain closed. When the extraction rate through the ridge vent is controlled, the methane concentration is at acceptable levels for destruction in a catalytic flow reverse reactor, that is, in the range of 0.1-1% by volume.     

Investigation of gas production and entrapment in granular iron medium

A method for measuring gas entrapment in granular iron (Fe0) was developed and used to estimate the impact of gas production on porosity loss during the treatment of a high NO3- groundwater (up to approximately 10 mM). Over the 400-d study period the trapped gas in laboratory columns was small, with a maximum measured at 1.3% pore volume. Low levels of dissolved H2(g) were measured (up to 0.07+/-0.02 M). Free moving gas bubbles were not observed. Thus, porosity loss, which was determined by tracer tests to be 25-30%, is not accounted for by residual gas trapped in the iron. The removal of aqueous species (i.e., NO3-, Ca, and carbonate alkalinity) indicates that mineral precipitation contributed more significantly to porosity loss than did the trapped gases. Using the stoichiometric reactions between Fe0 and NO3-, an average corrosion rate of 1.7 mmol kg-1 d-1 was derived for the test granular iron. This rate is 10 times greater than Fe0 oxidation by H2O alone, based on H2 gas production. NO3- ion rather than H2O was the major oxidant in the groundwater in the absence of molecular O2. The N-mass balance [e.g., N2g and NH4+ and NO3-] suggests that abiotic reduction of NO3- dominated at the start of Fe0 treatment, whereas N2 production became more important once the microbial activity began. These laboratory results closely predict N2 gas production in a separated large column experiment that was operated for approximately 2 yr in the field, where a maximum of approximately 600 ml d-1 gas volumes was detected, of which 99.5% (v/v) was N2. We conclude that NO3- suppressed the production of H2(g) by competing with water for Fe0 oxidation, especially at the beginning of water treatment when Fe0 is highly reactive. Depends on the groundwater composition, gas venting may be necessary in maintaining PRB performance in the field.     

江浙沪地区能源及转化业温室气体排放及减排措施

根据ＩＰＣＣ提供的方法，对１９９０年江浙沪地区能源及转化业中能源的消耗量和温室气体的排放进行了统计计算，对数据进行了进一步的评价和分析，江浙沪地区能源及转化业能源消耗中固体燃料占８１．７％，液体燃料占１５．４％，气体燃料占２．９％，该地区该部门燃料消耗中温室气体排放为ＣＯ２：８８７３７Ｇｇ，ＣＨ４：０．８４９８Ｇｇ，Ｎ２Ｏ：５．８２４Ｇｇ。针对能源及转化业部门的具体情况提出了相应的减排措施。     

气相色谱法检测地下水中六六六和滴滴涕

采用环己烷萃取、浓硫酸净化,联合气相色谱电子捕获检测器分析地下水中的六六六和滴滴涕,优化了升温程序、进样口温度、衬管等分析参数。8种组分在8.6 m in内完全分离,在0.001 mg/L~0.200 mg/L范围内标准工作曲线线性良好,检出限为0.03μg/L~0.38μg/L,标准溶液平行测定的RSD为0.1%~4.8%,加标回收率为90.0%~131%。     

全球气候变化的成因探析

探析了引起全球气候变化的温室气体效应、太阳变化、火山喷发、对流层气溶胶等外部强迫效应，以及导致大气和海洋间能量再分配的埃尔尼诺事件等所引起的气候变化。进一步讨论了气候系统内部的、涉及地球生物学和化学的几种气候反馈机制。     

Passive sampling of selected endocrine disrupting compounds using polar organic chemical integrative samplers

Two types of polar organic chemical integrative samplers (pharmaceutical POCIS and pesticide POCIS) were examined for their sampling efficiency of selected endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Laboratory-based calibration of POCISs was conducted by exposing them at high and low concentrations of 14 EDCs (4-alkyl-phenols, their ethoxylate oligomers, bisphenol A, selected estrogens and synthetic steroids) for different time periods. The kinetic studies showed an integrative uptake up to 28 days. The sampling rates for the individual compounds were obtained. The use of POCISs could result in an integrative approach to the quality status of the aquatic systems especially in the case of high variation of water concentrations of EDCs. The sampling efficiency of POCISs under various field conditions was assessed after their deployment in different aquatic environments.     

柱前衍生化-固相萃取-气相色谱法快速测定水中五氯酚

建立了柱前衍生化-固相萃取-气相色谱法快速测定水样中五氯酚的方法。结果表明,目标化合物在气相色谱条件下可以实现很好的基线分离,五氯酚在质量浓度0. 05~50. 0μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数r=0. 998,方法检出限为0. 006μg/L,测定下限为0. 024μg/L,相对标准偏差均10%。该方法具有较高的精密度和准确度,且简便高效,适用于水体中五氯酚的测定。     

次氯酸钠衍生-气相色谱法测定水中苦味酸

采用次氯酸钠衍生、毛细管柱气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定水中苦味酸,选择正己烷为萃取剂,萃取时间5 min,衍生反应时间40 min。方法在5.00μg/L～100μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.2μg/L,空白加标水样平行测定的RSD为2.2%,加标回收率为89.6%～95.0%。     

支撑离子液体膜微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中有机氯农药

摘要：将l-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸离子液体固定于无纺布上形成支撑离子液体膜,结合液相微翠取技术对水样中的有机氯农药进行分离与富集,并用气相色谱法测定。通过试验对影响萃取效率的有关条件进行优化,使该方法在0．500μg／L～10．0μg／L范围内线性良好。方法检出限为0．02μg／L～0．08μg／L,测定0．04μg／L的混合标准溶液平均回收率为75．0％～87．3％,RSD〈7％。     

GC/MS法测定水中烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚和烷基酚

采用气相色谱/质谱联用测定环境水体中壬基酚、壬基酚一氧乙基醚、壬基酚二氧乙基醚、4-叔辛基酚、4-叔辛基酚一氧乙基醚和4-叔辛基酚二氧乙基醚,用二氯甲烷对水样液液萃取,浓缩后添加BSTFA+ TMCS(体积比为99∶1)在室温下衍生化0.5h.方法在0.001 mg/L～5.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,目标化合物的检出限范围为4.0×10-7 mg/L～8.8×10-7 mg/L,空白加标样品平行测定的RSD为5.1％ ～8.8％,回收率为85.6％～ 110％.