Size-Dependent Selective Leaf Damage by Insects and Some Methodological Implications of This Phenomenon

The area of leaves on birch (Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa) auxiblasts and brachyblasts and the degree of their damage by the complex of leaf-gnawing and leaf-mining insects were studied in a light birch forest. The results showed that phyllophagous insects, primarily snout beetles, prefer young leaves on the apexes of auxiblasts. Thus, selective damage is inflicted on smaller leaves, both on the auxiblasts and in the entire sample. This phenomenon is widespread and may manifest itself in different ways, depending on the pattern of leaf area distribution along the extended shoot and the feeding preferences of the insects. Thus, it is necessary to reconsider research methods and approaches based on the assumption that insects damage leaves nonselectively, irrespective of their size.     

岩溶区隧道爆破开挖地震危害控制的研究

隧道爆破开挖是爆破安全工程问题 ,也是工程质量安全问题 ,从长远考虑更是安全及环保问题 ,因震害的潜隐性和危害性 ,必须对其从宏观与微观、工程及周边环境全面考虑。笔者结合爆破作用下微裂纹扩展机理的分析 ,将爆破震速耦合到裂纹损伤断裂条件中 ,得到爆破震动的安全控制标准计算公式 ,结合工程实例 ,给出了不同条件下岩溶区隧道爆破开挖安全控制的建议标准 ,并且提出了爆破地震危害的控制措施 ,为类似工程提供参考。     

WEP的安全技术分析及对策

在对无线局域网WLAN标准IEEE80 2 .11的WEP描述的基础上 ,笔者深入研究了WEP协议的设计上和实际应用中存在的密钥序列重复使用、消息认证和完整性等严重安全漏洞 ;详细分析了标准无线局域网中WEP协议解决方案 ;提出了WEP的改进算法WEP2 ,WEP2将IV大小增加到 12 8bit,以增强抗攻击能力 ;分析了AES解决方案的可行性 ;在密钥再生与分配方面 ,提出在MAC层实现经认证的密钥交换 ,用来改善WEP的安全脆弱性等解决措施。最后 ,还对今后的研究方向作出进一步的展望     

A Framework of Lessons Learned from Community-Based Marine Reserves and Its Effectiveness in Guiding a New Coastal Management Initiative in the Philippines

Community-based coastal resource management has been widely applied within the Philippines. However, small-scale community-based reserves are often inefficient owing to management inadequacies arising because of a lack of local support or enforcement or poor design. Because there are many potential pitfalls during the establishment of even small community-based reserves, it is important for coastal managers, communities, and facilitating institutions to have access to a summary of the key factors for success. Reviewing relevant literature, we present a framework of lessons learned during the establishment of protected areas, mainly in the Philippines. The framework contains summary guidance on the importance of (1) an island location, (2) small community population size, (3) minimal effect of land-based development, (4) application of a bottom-up approach, (5) an external facilitating institution, (6) acquisition of title, (7) use of a scientific information database, (8) stakeholder involvement, (9) the establishment of legislation, (10) community empowerment, (11) alternative livelihood schemes, (12) surveillance, (13) tangible management results, (14) continued involvement of external groups after reserve establishment, and (15) small-scale project expansion.These framework components guided the establishment of a community-based protected area at Danjugan Island, Negros Occidental, Philippines. This case study showed that the framework was a useful guide that led to establishing and implementing a community-based marine reserve. Evaluation of the reserve using standard criteria developed for the Philippines shows that the Danjugan Island protected area can be considered successful and sustainable. At Danjugan Island, all of the lessons synthesized in the framework were important and should be considered elsewhere, even for relatively small projects. As shown in previous projects in the Philippines, local involvement and stewardship of the protected area appeared particularly important for its successful implementation. The involvement of external organizations also seemed to have a key role in the success of the Danjugan Island project by guiding local decision-makers in the sociobiological principles of establishing protected areas. However, the relative importance of each component of the framework will vary between coastal management initiatives both within the Philippines and across the wider Asian region.Published on line     

广州市地面塌陷的形成原因与时空分布

地面塌陷是珠江三角洲城市地质灾害的主要类型之一。广州市地面塌陷灾害频繁发生,近10年来呈波动式上升趋势。其塌陷类型分为岩溶塌陷和工程地面塌陷两种,岩溶塌陷主要分布在广花盆地的花都区、白云区,工程地面塌陷主要分布在中心城区。地面塌陷灾害孕灾环境复杂、致灾因子多样,承灾体脆弱,灾害后果严重。人为因素是地面塌陷的主要诱发因素。岩溶塌陷主要是由于过量抽取地下水或矿山疏干排水、地下采空、暴雨触发所致;工程塌陷主要是人类工程行为所致,其主要致灾因子包括排水疏干与突水(突泥)作用、人工加载、人工振动、人工开挖桩基、地表渗水、地铁等地下工程盾构掘进等。     

我国西南部喀斯特地区石漠化研究进展

我国西南部喀斯特地区的石漠化是西部生态建设中面临的十分突出的地域环境问题，也是西南喀斯特地区实现可持续发展的主要障碍之一。参考国内研究的相关文献，运用比较分析法，从喀斯特石漠化的概念、分布、评价指标、生态效应、成因分析及综合治理等六方面回顾了近年来我国喀斯特地区石漠化研究的进展情况。研究结果认为，目前研究中还存在基础理论研究落后于实践活动、定量分析不足、基础数据采集工作欠缺和现有治理模式具有较大的局限性等不足，并建议从研究重点区域、探究喀斯特石漠化演变机理、在喀斯特石漠化地区开展生态综合整治工作及建设相关的信息系统等方面开展先行研究工作。     

北京山区公路地质灾害应急与防治对策

北京是地质灾害较严重的城市之一,具有灾种多、活动频繁、群发性强的特征。北京山区公路所遭受的地质灾害主要有滑坡、滑(崩)塌、泥石流、岩溶、采空地面塌陷等。为了防止山区公路地质灾害可能造成的危害,笔者通过对北京山区公路所遭受的地质灾害类型、发育特征、分布规律等特点及其所造成的危害进行分析、研究,提出了山区公路地质灾害应急与防治对策,以提高北京市的防灾减灾能力,减少和避免地质灾害造成的损失。     

湘中地区恩口煤矿老采区复采的水害防治研究

湘中地区碳酸盐岩广泛分布,其中岩溶的发育受岩性、地貌、水文、构造运动等诸多因素的控制,主要分布在地下水排泄区,给煤炭资源的开发带来了严重水患。针对恩口煤矿水害问题,笔者在翔实的野外调查基础上,通过分析矿区水文地质条件、矿井水文地质特征;总结以往矿山防治水经验和教训;探讨今后老采区复采的防治水害方向和重点;认为壶天河的山口冲段、小碧河的西坪段、涟水河的杨家冲段等为重点防区,对河床铺底强度不可靠的部位应该重新加强铺底。     

Nature conservation efforts set for specially protected areas of Turkey

Environmental pollution and degradation of ecosystems considerably affect the natural resources. The Turkish Government is aware of the importance of the preservation of natural ecology and thereby the environmental conservation of many species in their natural habitat. This paper provides critical assessments of the problems and possible solutions in the identification, implementation and management of the Specially Protected Areas (SPAs) system by giving basic information about stakeholders and their responsibilities that currently offer nature conservation in Turkey. The goals of the article are to analyze how the SPAs interface with the local people, especially the villagers who have dwelt there before SPA designation and how people-SPA conflicts resolved; to show how effective the SPA conservation objectives have been; to outline the significance of informing and empowering people in nature conservation for the protected area management and to show the importance of planning at all levels during protection of the natural, archeological and cultural values of the SPAs.