深圳市光环境功能区监管模式研究

根据深圳市地区特点。首先,划分光环境功能区,针对每个光环境功能区,再分成子区域,并提出区域光环境质量标准制定模式;然后,根据光环境的区域划分,结合具体区域功能,对不同光污染源进行划分和规范。提出光污染防护标准制定模式。通过区域光环境质量标准和光污染防护标准的制定,建立相应光环境监管模式,以达到防治光污染,保护和改善光环境,保障人类健康以及生态平衡,保证光的有效利用,构建一个绿色和谐可持续发展的光环境。     

浅谈铁岭市农村生态环境保护的重要性及治理对策

通过对铁岭市农村生态环境存在的主要问题进行了较为详细的分析,并提出了一系列治理对策。     

三峡库区香溪河消落带及库岸土壤重金属迁移特征及来源分析

在测定香溪河消落带(海拔145~175 m)和库岸(海拔175~185 m)土壤重金属含量的基础上,分析重金属的迁移特征,运用地累积指数进行污染评价,同时采用因子分析-多元线性回归(FA-MLR)分析重金属的来源和各来源的贡献比率.结果表明,2012年落干时段内(6~9月),香溪河库岸上层和下层土壤重金属含量都在减少,消落带重金属含量上层土壤减少,下层土壤增多;库岸重金属向消落带迁移,消落带重金属向下层积累.重金属污染级别是Cd>Pb>Cu>Cr,主要风险元素为Cd,各重金属污染程度评价等级都在中等以下.FA-MLR分析表明,消落带75.60%的Pb来源于交通运输,62.03%的Cd来源于农业,64.71%的Cu和75.36%的Cr来源于天然矿石.在库岸,82.26%的Pb来源于交通运输,68.63%的Cd来源于农业,65.72%的Cu和69.33%的Cr来源于天然矿石.FA-MLR成功地模拟了香溪河消落带和库岸土壤重金属的来源,并给出各来源的贡献率;同时揭示了重金属的迁移特征,能为香溪河流域重金属污染防治提供有益参考.     

浙闽沿岸海域总溶解态无机锑的分布及影响因素研究

作为一种具有潜在致癌性的有毒稀有元素,锑已经广泛地存在于水体中并显现出较为严重的环境问题,引起科学界的广泛关注.利用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定2008年5月浙闽沿岸海域水样中总溶解态无机锑(TDISb)的含量.结果表明,浙闽沿岸海域表、底层TDISb浓度的变化范围分别是0.68~5.64 nmol·L-1和0.71~5.25 nmol·L-1,平均含量分别为2.25、1.79 nmol·L-1,低于我国地表水环境质量标准和世界卫生组织规定的饮用水水质标准(约41.08 nmol·L-1).总溶解态无机锑表现出由沿岸向中央海区递减、表层高于底层的分布特征.影响浙闽沿岸海域溶解态无机锑分布的主要因素有水团混合,生物活动及悬浮颗粒物吸附解吸过程等.     

广州地区SO42-、NO3-、NH4+与相关气体污染特征研究

本文获得了2009年12月1日至2011年12月31日广州二次无机离子(SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4)及相关反应性气体(NOx/SO2/HNO2/HNO3等)的小时浓度数据,并分析了其污染特征.研究结果表明:PM2.5的浓度季节变化特征为冬秋春夏,SO2-4的浓度季节变化特征为秋冬春夏,NH+4的为冬秋春夏,NO-3则为冬春秋夏,SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4之和占PM2.5的比重大小为秋夏春冬;硫氧化率(SOR)均大于0.1,秋冬季节的值高于春夏季节,与SO2-4的浓度变化趋势一致;氮氧化率(NOR)日变化呈单峰形式,最大值出现在06时,最小值出现在14时,春冬季节的值高于夏秋季节,与NO-3的浓度变化趋势一致;广州地区NH3/NH+4除10—12月外,其月均值均大于1;在典型过程中,SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4、SOR、NOR和NH3/NH+4与能见度的变化都存在较好的对应关系,说明广州地区低能见度与二次离子(SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4)的生成有关.     

三峡库区消落带3种植物淹水后汞的动态变化及其对水体的影响

被淹没的植物是水库甲基汞异常升高的来源之一.为探寻淹水条件下三峡水库消落带植物中汞的动态变化特征及其对水体的影响,通过室内模拟试验,研究淹水条件下稗草、狗牙根、玉米秸秆中汞含量变化及其向水体释汞情况.结果表明,3种植物总汞含量范围为9.21~12.07 ng·g-1,甲基汞占总汞的质量分数约为1%~2%.淹水后,植物总汞含量逐渐降低,其降幅为35.81%~55.96%;而上覆水溶解态汞(DHg)浓度迅速上升,增幅为103.23%~232.15%,说明植物腐烂分解会向水体释放汞.淹水环境为植物体组织内甲基化提供了充裕条件,导致植物残体甲基汞含量升高,为初始含量的3.04~6.63倍,而上覆水溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)浓度也显著升高,为初始浓度的14.84~16.05倍.淹水期间,上覆水中DMe Hg与溶解氧(DO)浓度表现为极显著负相关,与可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度存在显著正相关.而在整个淹水过程中,上覆水DHg浓度变化量为植物总汞释放量的41.74%~47.01%,且各植物残体总汞含量与上覆水DHg浓度存在极显著负相关.     

铅锌矿区蜈蚣草内生放线菌的多样性及群落结构

为了认识重金属累积对植物内生菌的影响,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)技术及序列分析对四川汉源铅锌矿区蜈蚣草内生放线菌的多样性进行了研究,并分析了内生放线菌多样性与Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd等主要重金属之间的相互关系.结果表明,蜈蚣草不同部分内生放线菌的群落结构和多样性存在一定的差异,多样性指数在2.79~3.29之间,与其他非重金属污染环境植物内生放线菌的多样性指数相似,说明在重金属污染地区仍然存在较为多样的内生放线菌类群.相关分析表明,蜈蚣草内生放线菌多样性指数与Cu、Cd和Pb的含量之间存在显著负相关.DGGE条带序列系统发育显示,链霉菌(Streptomyces)、假诺卡氏菌(Pseudonocardia)、小单孢菌(Micromonospora)、Xianggella为蜈蚣草内生放线菌优势类群,拟诺卡氏菌(Nocardiopsis)、小双孢菌(Microbispora)、马杜拉放线菌(Actinomadura)、弗兰克氏菌(Frankia)以及一些未培养放线菌也在蜈蚣草中存在.研究表明铅锌矿区蜈蚣草内生放线菌存在丰富的多样性,重金属的累积影响了内生放线菌的分布.     

Channel and Perennial Flow Initiation in Headwater Streams: Management Implications of Variability in Source-Area Size

Despite increasing attention to management of headwater streams as sources of water, sediment, and wood to downstream rivers, the extent of headwater channels and perennial flow remain poorly known and inaccurately depicted on topographic maps and in digital hydrographic data. This study reports field mapping of channel head and perennial flow initiation locations in forested landscapes underlain by sandstone and basalt lithologies in Washington State, USA. Contributing source areas were delineated for each feature using a digital elevation model (DEM) as well as a Global Positioning System device in the field. Systematic source area–slope relationships described in other landscapes were not evident for channel heads in either lithology. In addition, substantial variability in DEM-derived source area sizes relative to field-delineated source areas indicates that in this area, identification of an area–slope relationship, should one even exist, would be difficult. However, channel heads and stream heads, here defined as the start of perennial flow, appear to be co-located within both of the lithologies, which together with lateral expansion and contraction of surface water around channel heads on a seasonal cycle in the basalt lithology, suggest a controlling influence of bedrock springs for that location. While management strategies for determining locations of channel heads and perennial flow initiation in comparable areas could assign standard source area sizes based on limited field data collection within that landscape, field-mapped source areas that support perennial flow are much smaller than recognized by current Washington State regulations.     

Visitor Perceptions and the Shifting Social Carrying Capacity of South Sinai’s Coral Reefs

To investigate how the perceptions and behaviour of visitors to coral reefs are influenced by their prior experience and knowledge of marine life, a questionnaire-based study was undertaken at sites in the Ras Mohammed National Park and at Sharm El Sheikh, South Sinai, Egypt. It was evident that over the 10–20 years during which these reefs have deteriorated (mainly due to reef-flat trampling), there have been interrelated shifts in the nature of visitors making use of them. First, there has been a shift from experienced divers and snorkellers to inexperienced snorkellers and non-snorkellers with a poorer knowledge of reef biology. Second, there has been a shift in the predominant nationalities of visitors, from German and British, through Italian, to Russian. More recent user groups both stated and showed that they had less experience of snorkelling; they also showed less knowledge of marine life and less interest in learning about it. Visitor perceptions of both the state of the marine life on the reefs and the acceptability of current visitor numbers also varied between groups. More recent visitor groups and visitors with less knowledge were more satisfied with reef health. In general, however, visitor perceptions of reef health did not correlate well with actual reef conditions, probably because more experienced visitors preferred less impacted sites with which they were nevertheless less satisfied than inexperienced visitors at heavily impacted sites. More recent visitor groups were also less bothered by crowding on the shore or in the water. Consequently, the apparent “social carrying capacity” of sites seems to be increasing to a level well above the likely “ecological carrying capacity”.     

纳污海域水环境容量计算与总量分配方法研究——以钦州湾为例

经过比较,明确了选用多源线性迭加的方法来计算纳污海域环境容量更加便利和有效,确定了纳污海域水环境容量计算中的几个重要条件,在对“背景浓度”的处理上引入了最大日均值的概念,使得计算结果更加安全可靠。在此基础上,以广西钦州湾为例,用多元线性迭加法计算出纳污海域两个规划排污口联合排放的无机氮、COD、石油类的最大允许排放量。优化了污染物排放方法,为钦州湾污染物排放提供了科学依据。