秦王川盆地土壤重金属来源、分布及污染评价

为探究秦王川盆地土壤重金属的来源、分布及污染情况,测定了研究区51个表层土壤样品的8种重金属（Cr、Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cd）总量和pH值;采用多元统计、地质统计方法和GIS技术对重金属的来源、空间变异结构和分布进行了研究,利用污染指数法和模糊综合评判法对重金属污染进行了评价.结果表明：Zn、Ni含量均值大于当地背景值,其余重金属含量均值都低于背景值;Cd属于强变异,其余均为中等变异,Zn、Cr服从对数正态分布,其余均服从正态分布;Cr、Cu、As、Pb、Mn主要为成土母质等自然来源,Cd、Ni主要来源于工业、交通污染,Zn主要来源于农业生产;Zn、As、Ni、Cd的空间分布呈岛状,Cu、Mn呈带状分布,Cr、Pb呈岛状和带状分布相结合的特点;污染指数评价结果为Cr、Cu、Pb处在警戒线,As、Mn、Ni属于轻度污染,Cd为中度污染,Zn为重度污染;模糊综合评判得出1个土样为轻度污染,2个为警戒程度,其余为安全;土壤质量标准是反映土壤质量的依据,总体看,研究区土壤重金属环境质量良好,均未超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准.     

焉耆盆地不同耕地土壤中微量元素污染风险对比研究

从新疆焉耆盆地不同耕地类型（辣椒地、小麦地、玉米地、番茄地、向日葵地、甜菜地）采集186个土壤样品,测定其中8种元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn）的含量,利用污染负荷指数法（PLI）和潜在生态风险指数法（RI）,对不同耕地中微量元素的污染和潜在生态风险进行评估。结果表明：（1） 焉耆盆地不同耕地中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb与Zn含量平均值均未超出国家土壤环境质量二级标准;（2） 不同耕地中8种元素单项污染指数反映的环境风险各不相同,各耕地类型土壤PLI的平均值均呈现轻度污染;（3）不同耕地类型土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的单项生态风险指数与各耕地类型RI值均属轻微风险水平。从空间分布可以看出,研究区所有农田类型的土壤RI在空间分布上均呈现轻微生态风险态势。辣椒地与小麦地中潜在生态风险指数较大的区域位于博湖县南部的农田,玉米地、番茄地、向日葵地和甜菜地中潜在生态风险指数较大区域主要分布于和硕县东部的农田。     

饮马河流域水环境综合风险时空分布

为评价饮马河流域水环境综合风险,从水环境风险的危险性、暴露性、脆弱性及区域治理能力4个方面构建了饮马河流域水环境综合风险评估体系.选取2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年的水环境数据进行分析,采用水环境污染风险指数法和层次分析法对饮马河流域水环境综合风险进行评估,并绘制了各年度饮马河流域的风险空间分布图,分析了饮马河流域水环境风险空间变化特征.结果表明:2000—2015年,各危险性指标的量化值不断减小;暴露性指标中,耕地面积不断扩大,工业企业个数不断增加,人口密度变化不明显;各脆弱性指标的量化值不断减小;水环境区域治理能力各指标的量化值不断增大.研究显示,2000—2015年,流域内水环境危险性和脆弱性不断降低,暴露性和区域治理能力逐渐升高,水环境风险逐渐降低;其中,长春市一直处于水环境高风险水平,伊通县一直处于低风险水平.      

淮河流域水污染物排放总量分配的可持续性评价

本文借鉴经济学中反映经济发展状况和贫富差异程度的基尼系数理论,评价淮河流域水污染控制因子COD排放总量在流域四省分配的可持续性,即已确定的总量分配方案是否符合研究区域的经济社会环境状况.本文是在现有环境基尼系数应用上的一种论证性评价,用基尼系数反推已经确定的总量分配方案是否公平合理,为国家污染物总量分配评价提供一定的参考.     

改良模糊综合评价法在水质评价中的应用

基于传统模糊综合评价法原理,通过对评价指标选择、权重确定、模糊运算分析三个环节进行改良,建立了一种分辨率高、简便有效的地表水质量评价模型,并将其应用于辽河流域的水质评价中。改良后的模糊综合评价法能够更实际、更客观地反映多指标共同作用下的地面水环境质量状况,这为制定水环境宏观决策提供了必要的科学参考。     

Distribution and origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from an urban river basin at the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Brazil

The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in surface sediment samples from nine sites located at the Iguac?u River Basin in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Brazil to evaluate their distribution and sources. The total concentration of the PAHs was greater for sediments from highly urbanized areas, while the sediments from the Ira′? Environmental Protection Area (Ira′? EPA) showed significantly low concentrations. The sediments from the Iguac?u and Barigui rivers were classified as highly contaminated, while those from the Cercado and Curralinho rivers were classified as moderately contaminated. The predominance of PAHs containing two to four aromatic rings in most of the samples suggested the direct input of raw sewage into the water resources evaluated. Benzo[g,h,i]perylene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were predominant in sediments from the areas under the greatest urban and industrial development. The correlation between thermodynamic stability and the kinetics of evolution presented by the isomeric pairs indicated that combustion is the predominant source of PAHs in the sediments because the combustion of fossil fuels affected most of the points evaluated, followed by combustion of biomass and eventually combustion of oil product inputs. In general, the results showed that areas under strong urban influence, as well as the Ira′? EPA, receive contributions of PAHs from similar sources.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of acetochlor in sediments and riparian soils of the Songhua River Basin in northeastern China

The Songhua River Basin is a burgeoning agricultural area in the modern times in China. Particularly in recent years, increasing chemical fertilizers and pesticides have been applied with the development of agricultural production. However, the situation of non-point source pollution (NSP) from agricultural production in this basin is still obscure. In order to solve the problem, the occurrence and distribution of acetochlor in sediments and riparian soils of the Songhua River Basin before rain season and after rain season were investigated. In addition, total organic carbon was analyzed. The result showed that the concentration of acetochlor ranged from 0.47 to 11.76 μg/kg in sediments and 0.03 to 709.37 μg/kg in riparian soils. During the high flow period in 2009, the mean concentration was 4.79 μg/kg in sediments and 0.75 μg/kg in riparian soils, respectively. Similarly, the mean concentration was 2.53 μg/kg in sediments and 61.36 μg/kg in riparian soils, during the average flow period in 2010. There was a significant correlation between the concentration of acetochlor and total organic carbon in surface sediments. Moreover, the distribution of acetochlor in sediments of the Songhua River was significantly correlated to land use and topography of the watershed. The investigated data suggested that the concentration of acetochlor in the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain was higher than that in the other areas of the basin, and riparian buffering zones in these areas had been destroyed by human activities. The optimal agricultural measures to alleviate the contamination of pesticides should be adopted, including controlling agricultural application of acetochlor and ecological restoration of riparian buffering strips.     

巢湖流域大气污染的经济损失分析

在对2002年巢湖流域大气污染资料进行调查和统计的基础上,应用人力资本法、市场价值法、机会成本法、资产价值法等环境经济价值评估方法,从人体健康、农作物、森林、家庭清洗费用和建筑材料腐蚀5个方面估算了巢湖流域大气污染造成的经济损失。结果表明,建筑材料腐蚀损失和人体健康损失分别为185亿元和151亿元,这两项费用占整个损失的比重达7814%;家庭清洗费用增加值、农作物经济损失和森林经济损失分别为073亿元、012亿元和009亿元。当年全流域环保投资总额为46亿元,而仅大气污染造成的环境经济损失就达到43亿元,约占当年GDP的084％。环保投资力度与环境污染损失不相适应。     

黑河流域参考蒸散量的时空变化特征及影响因素的定量分析

利用黑河流域及周边地区14个气象站的1960—2009年逐日气象资料,基于FAO推荐的 Penman-Monteith模型分析了黑河流域近50 a来潜在年、 季参考蒸散量ET₀的时空分布特征,同时利用敏感分析计算了流域内不同区域典型气象站ET₀对各气候要素的敏感系数,并结合各气候要素的多年相对变化定量探讨了导致ET₀变化的主导因素。结果表明:黑河流域年ET₀表现出明显的南北差异,亦即从南到北呈增大趋势,上游祁连山区年ET₀约568~700 mm,中游走廊平原约800~900 mm,下游的金塔、 鼎新一带约1 000 mm,额济纳地区则高达1 150 mm以上。各季节ET₀亦呈北多南少特征,且ET₀的年内分布以夏季最多,春季次之,秋冬最少。近50 a来,黑河流域年、 季平均ET₀整体呈减小趋势,但亦存在区域差异,其中上游ET₀略有增加,而中下游以减小趋势为主。就年平均敏感系数而言,上游的托勒站和中游的高台站皆对相对湿度敏感性最强,而下游的额济纳旗对平均风速最为敏感。不同站点各季节/月ET₀对气候要素的敏感性有所差异。风速是引起ET₀变化的主导因素,相对湿度和日照时数的贡献则较小。     

湘江流域水环境问题及其综合应对策略

基于历史长系列水文资料统计与水质评价方法,对湘江流域水环境质量时空尺度变化规律进行了分析,并一步明晰了造成水环境问题的主要成因,最后提出了相应的综合应对策略。结果表明,在时间上,湘江流域水质呈不断恶化态势;在空间上,湘江上游水质好于中下游,中游水质污染最为严重。区域气候与江湖关系变化、社会经济发展、水土资源开发等都对湘江流域水环境产生显著影响。为解决湘江水环境问题,在优化调整流域生态水文格局的基础上,进行生态环境友好型水利工程群的布置、建设和联合调度,并制定适合流域水环境特征的政策法规体系。