汾渭平原复杂地形影响下冬季PM2.5污染分布特征、来源及成因分析

汾渭平原受其复杂地形特征及产业结构影响,和京津冀、长三角地区一起被列为大气污染重点防治区域.本研究应用2014—2019年冬季中国环境监测总站汾渭平原各城市的六大空气污染物逐小时数据,结合欧洲中心ERA-5数据,利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型及T-model斜交旋转主成分分析法（PCT）,揭示过去6年汾渭平原冬季颗粒物浓度演变规律,厘清汾渭平原复杂地形影响下大气污染来源特征、潜在源区及成因,识别影响汾渭平原冬季空气污染的主要天气系统类型.HYSPLIT模拟结果表明,冬季喇叭口地形城市主要受本地和邻近区域污染源影响;山区盆地地形城市更易受到100~300 km距离以内污染源的传输影响,其中,来自陕北的气团对其影响最大;峡谷地形城市更易受到300~600 km范围内污染源的传输影响;平原地形城市的污染物浓度受区域传输的影响较大.影响汾渭平原冬季颗粒物重污染的天气系统可分为高压前部型、高压后部型、均压场型及低压倒槽型,其中,高压前部型是汾渭平原冬季重污染时段最易出现的天气形势.     

FRESH GROUND WATER STORED IN AQUIFERS UNDER THE CONTINENTAL SHELF: IMPLICATIONS FROM A DEEP TEST,NANTUCKET ISLAND,MASSACHUSETTS1

ABSTRACT: A deep water-resource and stratigraphic test well near the center of Nantucket Island, about 40 miles (64 km) off the New England Coast, has encountered freshwater at greater depth than predicted by the Ghyben-Herzberg principle. An uppermost lens of fresh-water, which occupies relatively permeable glacial-outwash sand and gravel to a depth of 520 ft. (158 m), is probably in hydrodynamic equilibrium with the present level of the sea and the height of the water table. However, two zones of freshwater between 730-820 ft. (222-250 m) and 900-930 ft. (274-283 m) are anomalously deep. A third zone extending from 1150-1500 ft. (350-457 m) contains slightly salty ground water (2 to 3 parts per thousand dissolved solids). Several explanations are possible, but the most likely is that large areas of the Continental Shelf were exposed to recharge by precipitation during long periods of low sea level in Pleistocene time. After the last retreat of glacial ice, seawater rapidly drowned the shelf around Nantucket Island. Since then, about 8000 years ago, the deep freshwater zones which underlie dense clay layers have not had time to adjust to a new equilibrium. Under similar circumstances freshwater may remain trapped under extensive areas of the Continental Shelf wherever clay confining beds have not permitted saltwater to intrude rapidly to new positions of hydrodynamic equilibrium. The implications are far reaching because all continental shelfs were exposed to similar hydrologic influences during Pleistocene time.     

基于最小数据集的成都平原某区土壤养分综合评价体系的构建

成都平原是我国重要的粮食、蔬菜、水果产地,进行土壤养分综合评价有利于了解区域土壤养分空间分布、丰缺程度,对区内土地的合理利用、养分变化监测具有重要作用.为此,本文基于土壤地球化学数据,通过相关分析、主成分分析、Norm值计算,构建了研究区土壤养分综合评价的最小数据集(MDS),并对比了国内16个MDS土壤养分评价体系....     

Plant Community Composition and Biomass in Gulf Coast Chenier Plain Marshes: Responses to Winter Burning and Structural Marsh Management

Many marshes in the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain, USA, are managed through a combination of fall or winter burning and structural marsh management (i.e., levees and water control structures; hereafter SMM). The goals of winter burning and SMM include improvement of waterfowl and furbearer habitat, maintenance of historic isohaline lines, and creation and maintenance of emergent wetlands. Although management practices are intended to influence the plant community, effects of these practices on primary productivity have not been investigated. Marsh processes, such as vertical accretion and nutrient cycles, which depend on primary productivity may be affected directly or indirectly by winter burning or SMM. We compared Chenier Plain plant community characteristics (species composition and above- and belowground biomass) in experimentally burned and unburned control plots within impounded and unimpounded marshes at 7 months (1996), 19 months (1997), and 31 months (1998) after burning. Burning and SMM did not affect number of plant species or species composition in our experiment. For all three years combined, burned plots had higher live above-ground biomass than did unburned plots. Total above-ground and dead above-ground biomasses were reduced in burned plots for two and three years, respectively, compared to those in unburned control plots. During all three years, belowground biomass was lower in impounded than in unimpounded marshes but did not differ between burn treatments. Our results clearly indicate that current marsh management practices influence marsh primary productivity and may impact other marsh processes, such as vertical accretion, that are dependent on organic matter accumulation and decay.     

华北平原土壤肥力的变化与影响因素分析

通过对２０世纪以来华北平原土壤调查数据的分析对比,揭示了从传统农业向现代农业转变的过程中土壤肥力的变化。从总体上看,冀北地区的土壤肥力有所下降,而冀南和鲁西北地区有所上升。影响肥力变化的因子包括河流治理、施肥、高产品种使用后种植制度和土地利用程度的变化等等。     

GROUND WATER IN PERSPECTIVE1

ABSTRACT. Owing to their enormous capacity, ground-water reservoirs are at least equal in importance to the ground water itself. As regulators of water movement in the hydrological cycle, these reservoirs surpass all lakes combined, natural and manmade. While many aquifers are not well understood, data on many others are adequate for long-range broad-scale planning. An example is the basalt aquifer of the Snake River Plain in Idaho. However, the area has managerial problems which concern the time, the place and the feasibility of manipulations of water. All continents of the world contain great aquifers. For every huge aquifer, however, hundreds of smaller ones occur, and even these contain astonishing amounts of water. Aquifers in the Ohio River Basin of the United States are good examples. Management of total water resources is a difficult problem at many places. But many problems could be met and many water shortages alleviated or eliminated by use of aquifers, not merely as sources of water, but as reservoirs for management of water.     

松嫩平原盐碱土水分扩散率研究

对盐碱地土壤水盐运动的定量描述是控制区域土壤次生盐碱化的基础,其中的土壤水分扩散率是研究土壤水盐运动的重要参数之一。文章通过非稳定流水平土柱法对实验区扰动的盐碱地土壤水分扩散率进行了测定,并将实验结果拟合为经验公式,然后将测定的土壤水分扩散率应用于水平入渗方程,用数值计算软件Mathcad6.0对土柱水分水平入渗进行了数值模拟,将实测结果和方程模拟的土壤水分分布状况进行了对比。结果表明本研究得出的土壤水分扩散率的经验方程误差较小。最后讨论了影响土壤水分扩散的土壤质地因素及土壤水分扩散率和含水率之间的单值函数关系。     

长期定位施用牛粪对夏玉米-冬小麦体系农田N2O和NO排放的影响

利用静态暗箱法对关中平原27 a长期定位施肥农田氧化亚氮(N_2O)和一氧化氮(NO)排放通量进行周年(2017年6月到2018年6月)观测,目的是阐明N_2O和NO的排放特征及其影响因子,定量评估施用牛粪对气体排放的影响.田间试验采用随机区组试验设计,设置3种处理.对照(CK)处理全年不施肥.全化肥(NPK)和化肥加牛粪(NPKM)处理全年施氮(N)量为353 kg·hm~(-2),其中夏玉米季为188 kg·hm~(-2),均为尿素N;冬小麦季为165 kg·hm~(-2),NPK处理全部为尿素N,而NPKM处理尿素N与牛粪N的比例为3∶7.结果表明,CK处理气体排放通量较低且无明显季节变化,NPK和NPKM处理气体排放高峰主要与施肥和灌溉有关,N_2O和NO排放最高峰值分别为103. 0 g·( hm~2·d)~(-1)和71. 0 g·( hm~2·d)~(-1),均出现在NPKM处理玉米季.当土壤温度高于20℃时,NPK和NPKM中NO/N_2O比均与土壤充水孔隙度呈显著负相关关系(P 0. 01),说明土壤温度和水分含量共同影响气体排放.各处理N_2O年排放量分别为0. 21、2. 32和2. 15 kg·hm~(-2),NPK与NPKM处理间差异不显著(P=0. 74); NO年排放量分别为0. 23、0. 80和1. 46 kg·hm~(-2),NPK和NPKM处理间差异显著(P 0. 05).说明长期施用牛粪对N_2O排放无影响,但可显著增加NO排放.     

胶莱平原大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征研究

区域大气降水稳定同位素组成是利用同位素技术研究区域水循环所必须的前提,对于深入了解水循环过程具有重要意义。本研究基于降水样品,分析了胶莱平原及周边地区降水氢氧稳定同位素特征,探讨了降水同位素的环境效应,并通过对比分析不同水汽输送路径站点的降水同位素季节变化趋势,揭示了胶莱平原大气降水水汽来源。结果显示：胶莱平原大气降水线LMWL为δ²H=6.38δ¹⁸O+0.72,胶莱平原大气降水δ¹⁸O存在较显著的温度效应和降水量效应,高程效应不显著。6—9月,胶莱平原降水水汽主要受控于东亚季风,水汽主要来自相邻太平洋海域蒸发水汽;10月—次年5月,胶莱平原降水水汽主要受控于西风,水汽来源于局地蒸发,受极地水汽影响较小。本研究结果将为胶莱平原地表水—地下水—海水之间的相互转化及水循环研究提供基础。     

N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the North China Plain:the effect of chemical nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＮｉｔｒｏｕｓｏｘｉｄｅ (Ｎ2 Ｏ)ｉｓａｖｅｒｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅｇａｓｉｎｔｈｅａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ.ＩｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｏｆａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＮ2 ＯｈａｓｂｅｅｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｔｈａｔＮ2 Ｏｇａｓｐｌａｙｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏｌｅｉｎｔｈｅｃｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙａｎｄｏｚｏｎｅｌａｙｅｒｄｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｔｒａｔｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ.Ｔｈｅｒａｄｉａｔｉｖ…