关中地区清代蝗灾变化研究

通过对历史文献资料的搜集、整理、分析,对清代关中地区蝗灾的时间、空间特征和灾害的等级及其成因进行了研究。结果表明:关中地区自1644至1912年的268年中,共发生蝗灾25次,平均每10.72年发生一次。从时间分布上看,清代关中地区蝗灾从清代早期到中期再到晚期,呈现由多变少再变多的特点,清代中期是蝗灾少发期,早期和晚期是蝗灾多发期。该地区蝗灾的发生主要集中在渭南地区。根据蝗灾的等级序列可以得出,清代关中地区二级一般蝗灾发生频次最多,其次为四级特大蝗灾,一级较弱和三级严重蝗灾发生频次较少。     

基于模糊综合分析法的引调水工程水质响应关系分析

为提升引调水工程的环境改善效果,须对水体的自身连通水平、水质现状、水环境主要影响因子进行分析。以太湖流域跃进联圩为研究对象,利用图论连通度理论对研究区域静态基流连通性进行评价,探索圩内水系连通性的空间差异及变化特性。同时,开展短期引调水实验,结合模糊综合分析法评价引调水带来的圩内水质变化情况及规律,研究圩内水环境和水系连通性的响应关系。结果表明,模糊综合评价法在引调水环境改善分析中具有适用性,可实现对圩内各监测点位水质变化的全面分析;水体流动性是影响圩区内水质的重要环境因素,高锰酸盐指数是导致圩内水质恶化的主要影响因子。引调水工程对圩区水环境具有一定的持续改善性作用,但对基流连通性较差的区域,改善效果有限。     

近年来三江平原生态环境变化研究

文章以县（市）为研究单元,基于2004年和2010年的遥感监测数据和调查数据,运用生态综合指数法,从生态环境状况、土地利用／覆被、生物丰度、植被覆盖、水网密度、环境质量6方面分析三江平原生态环境的变化并探究驱动力。结果显示：（1）三江平原各县（市）生态环境指数变化量为-0．50～2．48,属于无明显变化和略有变化两个级别,其中友谊县生态环境略微变好,其余县（市）生态环境状况无明显变化。（2）三江平原林地、草地、沼泽地面积仍在减少,旱地改水田现象增加,水田面积大幅度增加。土地覆被类型变化的差异使得各县（市）生态环境走向存在差异。（3）水资源量增加是三江平原生态环境状况趋好的主要原因。（4）COD年排放量的变化决定三江平原各县（市）环境污染负荷的增减。     

关中地区表层土壤碳储量问题的研究

土壤碳储量问题是碳循环和全球变化研究的基本问题,关系到全球生态环境的发展、平衡与兴衰。论文利用多目标区域地球化学调查取得的大量数据,用实测方法计算出关中地区表层土壤(0～0.2m)全碳(TC)储量为1.50×108 t,平均储量为4994.16t/km2;其中,有机碳(TOC)储量为0.71×108 t,平均储量为2350.14t/km2。通过对研究区内表层单位土壤碳储量分布规律的研究发现,TOC储量在基岩山地和低山丘陵等植被覆盖较高的地区相对较高。对表层土壤的平均碳储量分别按照土壤类型、土地利用、地貌单元和成土母质类型进行分类统计,结果表明研究区内:粗骨土的平均有机碳和全碳储量均最高,风沙土均最低,黑垆土的平均无机碳(TIC)储量最高,棕壤最低;农用地中,林地的平均TOC和TC储量最高,TIC储量最低;各地貌单元平均TOC储量的大小顺序为:基岩山地﹥低山丘陵﹥平原﹥黄土高原﹥黄土塬;成土母质为山前洪冲积的土壤平均TOC储量最高,渭河冲洪积土壤最低。     

基于PM2.5监测点空间聚类的关中五市空气污染区域识别

区域大气污染联防联控是空气质量管理的重要举措,准确识别空气污染区域对联防联控措施有重大意义.本研究采用陕西省关中五市（西安、咸阳、宝鸡、渭南、铜川）国控和省控全部90个监测点的小时级PM_2.5浓度监测数据,运用邻接约束层次聚类方法对监测点进行空间聚类,并利用泰森多边形和曲线平滑等技术识别空气污染区域.结果表明：1关中五市空气污染存在跨行政区划的区域性特征,本研究识别出2个特征显著不同的空气污染区域（区域1和区域2）;2区域2的PM_2.5浓度在统计上显著高于区域1,且重度和严重污染天数也显著高于区域1;3空气污染区域与地形特征关系密切,区域1均为高海拔区县,而区域2均为低海拔区县.依据空气污染区域的不同特征,在区域污染程度存在显著差异时,应当采取不同等级的污染防控措施,以减少对关中五市43%的国土面积、23个区县、639万人及3355亿元国内生产总值的影响,使区域空气污染防控措施更加科学、合理与精准.同时,空气污染区域的划分对缺失数据和不同空气污染等级表现稳健.     

Light absorption properties and potential sources of brown carbon in Fenwei Plain during winter 2018–2019

A distinctive kind of organic carbon aerosol that could absorb ultraviolet-visible radiation is called brown carbon (BrC), which has an important positive influence on radiative budget and climate change. In this work, we reported the absorption properties and potential source of BrC based on a seven-wavelength aethalometer in the winter of 2018–2019 at an urban site of Sanmenxia in Fenwei Plain in central China. Specifically, the mean value of BrC absorption coefficient was 59.6 ± 36.0 Mm^?1 at 370 nm and contributed 37.7% to total absorption, which made a significant impact on visibility and regional environment. Absorption coefficients of BrC showed double-peak pattern, and BrC had shown small fluctuations under haze days compared with clean days. As for the sources of BrC, BrC absorption coefficients expressed strong correlations with element carbon aerosols and primary organic carbon aerosols, indicating that most of BrC originated from primary emissions. The linear correlations between trace metal elements (K, As, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Pb) and BrC absorption coefficients further referred that the major sources of BrC were primary emissions, like coal burning, biomass burning, and vehicle emissions. The moderate relationship between BrC absorption coefficients and secondary organic aerosols suggested that secondary production of BrC also played an important role. The 120 hr backward air mass trajectories analysis and concentration-weighted trajectories analysis were also used to investigate potential sources of BrC in and around this area, which inferred most parts of BrC were derived from local emissions.     

陕西关中地区农村生活污水处理模式研究

为了探索关中地区农村生活污水处理的科学模式,对当地自然环境、污水特点进行了调查,结合关中地区农村经济社会状况,提出了3种农村污水处理模式：镇带村集中处理、农村集中连片处理和农村分散处理。同时对农村生活污水处理技术和模式的选用原则进行了分析,指出农村生活污水处理技术和模式的选用,应与当地自然环境特点、污水特点、污水排放回用要求、经济发展水平、运行管理水平、居民的风俗习惯等6个方面相适应,部分村庄应采用集中处理与分散处理相结合的模式。     

华北农村夏季大气甲醛浓度变化特征

为研究华北农村大气污染状况,于2013年夏季和2014年夏季先后在华北两个农村站点——固城站、饶阳站,采用基于汉栖(Hantzsch)反应的在线甲醛荧光分析仪开展大气甲醛在线观测,结合同期φ(O₃)、φ(PAN)(PAN为过氧乙酰硝酸酯)、φ(CO)和光解速率系数等数据,分析φ(甲醛)日变化及其光解速率等特征. 结果表明:华北农村夏季大气甲醛污染较重. 固城站和饶阳站φ(甲醛)分钟均值范围分别为0.05×10-9 ~59.18 ×10-9和1.66×10-9 ~ 46.83×10-9,平均值分别为12.82×10-9±7.59×10-9和13.73×10-9±5.82×10-9,高于文献报道的国内外其他地区的观测值,与同期观测的φ(NO_x)相当. 两个站点φ(甲醛)具有典型的日变化特征,φ(甲醛)小时均值峰值(固城站为17.43×10-9,饶阳站为17.57×10-9)均出现在上午10:00左右,与φ(O₃)和φ(PAN)的日变化趋势相似,但峰值早1 h出现. 光解速率系数观测结果表明,两个站点甲醛光解过程主要发生在06:00—18:00,固城站甲醛小时光解量峰值(2.59×10-9)出现在11:00,饶阳站甲醛小时光解量于正午12:00达到峰值(3.00×10-9),甲醛光解成稳定分子的速率是光解成自由基速率的1.2~1.7倍. 研究表明,两个站点φ(甲醛)的变化主要受局地过程的影响,光化学生成是甲醛的重要来源.      

Nitrous oxide emissions from a maize field during two consecutive growing seasons in the North China Plain

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a maize field in the North China Plain (Wangdu County, Hebei Province, China) were investigated using static chambers during two consecutive maize growing seasons in the 2008 and 2009. The N₂O pulse emissions occurred with duration of about 10 days after basal and additional fertilizer applications in the both years. The average N₂O fluxes from the CK (control plot, without crop, fertilization and irrigation), NP (chemical N fertilizer), SN (wheat straw returning plus chemical N fertilizer), OM- 1/2N (chicken manure plus half chemical N fertilizer) and OMN (chicken manure plus chemical N fertilizer) plots in 2008 were 8.51, 72.1, 76.6, 101, 107 ng N/(m²·sec), respectively, and in 2009 were 33.7, 30.0 and 35.0 ng N/(m²·sec) from CK, NP and SN plots, respectively. The emission factors of the applied fertilizer as N₂O-N (EFs) were 3.8% (2008) and 1.1% (2009) for the NP plot, 3.2% (2008) and 1.2% (2009) for the SN plot, and 2.8% and 2.2% in 2008 for the OM-1/2N and OMN plots, respectively. Hydromorphic properties of the investigated soil (with gley) are in favor of denitrification. The large differences of the soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) between the two maize seasons were suspected to be responsible for the significant yearly variations. Compared with the treatments of NP and SN, chicken manure coupled with compound fertilizer application significantly reduced fertilizer loss rate as N₂O-N.     

Soil carbon sequestration and associated economic costs for farming systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain: A meta-analysis

Soil organic carbon sequestration rates over 20 years based on the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) methodology were combined with local economic data to determine the potential for soil C sequestration in wheat-based production systems on the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The C sequestration potential of rice-wheat systems of India on conversion to no-tillage is estimated to be 44.1 Mt C over 20 years. Implementing no-tillage practices in maize-wheat and cotton-wheat production systems would yield an additional 6.6 Mt C. This offset is equivalent to 9.6% of India's annual greenhouse gas emissions (519 Mt C) from all sectors (excluding land use change and forestry), or less than one percent per annum. The economic analysis was summarized as carbon supply curves expressing the total additional C accumulated over 20 year for a price per tonne of carbon sequestered ranging from zero to USD 200. At a carbon price of USD 25 Mg C⁻¹, 3 Mt C (7% of the soil C sequestration potential) could be sequestered over 20 years through the implementation of no-till cropping practices in rice-wheat systems of the Indian States of the IGP, increasing to 7.3 Mt C (17% of the soil C sequestration potential) at USD 50 Mg C⁻¹. Maximum levels of sequestration could be attained with carbon prices approaching USD 200 Mg C⁻¹ for the States of Bihar and Punjab. At this carbon price, a total of 34.7 Mt C (79% of the estimated C sequestration potential) could be sequestered over 20 years across the rice-wheat region of India, with Uttar Pradesh contributing 13.9 Mt C.