地下水饮水安全指标体系构建及评价

提高饮水质量,保证饮水安全,已经成为全球关注的焦点。饮水安全评价是制定水安全保障体系和进行水安全决策的前提和依据。目前,由于饮水安全涉及水质、水量及饮水工程各个方面,难以通过单一指标来反映饮水安全的程。因此如何科学选定项目评价方法并切实指导工程建设实践,已经成为水利研究必须面对的重要课题。以银川平原为例,通过水文地质调查,从水源与人类健康角度,考虑地下水质、水量和地质防护性,构建了适合银川平原特点的饮水安全评价指标体系,并运用层次分析、迭置指数等评价方法,开展了地下水饮水安全评价。评价结果表明：山前洪积倾斜平原,地下水盖层厚度大,埋藏深,大于5 m,水质相对较好,矿化度小0.5 g·L-1,但水量补给有限,开发过程有必要控制开采量;河湖积平原二级阶地大部分地区,水位埋藏浅,小于1 m,蒸发作用强烈,水质及地表防护性能较差,锰、硬度、可溶解性固体、硫酸盐等指标均已超过三类水质标准,水资源可用作农田灌溉或通过改水措施等再利用,同时应防止三废排入;河湖积平原二级阶地北部、一级阶地及黄河东岸为地下水排泄、污水聚集或原生环境氟、硫酸根等元素高含量区域,水质极差,在该区域内应加强沟渠等排水设施的管理,控制化肥农药的施用量,必要时应采取去氟去盐等改水措施。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from a maize field during two consecutive growing seasons in the North China Plain

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a maize field in the North China Plain (Wangdu County, Hebei Province, China) were investigated using static chambers during two consecutive maize growing seasons in the 2008 and 2009. The N₂O pulse emissions occurred with duration of about 10 days after basal and additional fertilizer applications in the both years. The average N₂O fluxes from the CK (control plot, without crop, fertilization and irrigation), NP (chemical N fertilizer), SN (wheat straw returning plus chemical N fertilizer), OM- 1/2N (chicken manure plus half chemical N fertilizer) and OMN (chicken manure plus chemical N fertilizer) plots in 2008 were 8.51, 72.1, 76.6, 101, 107 ng N/(m²·sec), respectively, and in 2009 were 33.7, 30.0 and 35.0 ng N/(m²·sec) from CK, NP and SN plots, respectively. The emission factors of the applied fertilizer as N₂O-N (EFs) were 3.8% (2008) and 1.1% (2009) for the NP plot, 3.2% (2008) and 1.2% (2009) for the SN plot, and 2.8% and 2.2% in 2008 for the OM-1/2N and OMN plots, respectively. Hydromorphic properties of the investigated soil (with gley) are in favor of denitrification. The large differences of the soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) between the two maize seasons were suspected to be responsible for the significant yearly variations. Compared with the treatments of NP and SN, chicken manure coupled with compound fertilizer application significantly reduced fertilizer loss rate as N₂O-N.     

The ecology of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) in Western Siberia

The data on the ecology of bilberry and cowberry in the West Siberian Plain, Kuznetsk Ala Tau, and highland Altai are presented. Ecological ranges of these plants and amplitudes of their tolerance for some environmental factors are described.     

Numerical investigation concerning the impact of CO2 geologic storage on regional groundwater flow

Large-scale storage of carbon dioxide in saline aquifers may cause considerable pressure perturbation and brine migration in deep rock formations, which may have a significant influence on the regional groundwater system. With the help of parallel computing techniques, we conducted a comprehensive, large-scale numerical simulation of CO₂ geologic storage that predicts not only CO₂ migration, but also its impact on regional groundwater flow. As a case study, a hypothetical industrial-scale CO₂ injection in Tokyo Bay, which is surrounded by the most heavily industrialized area in Japan, was considered, and the impact of CO₂ injection on near-surface aquifers was investigated, assuming relatively high seal-layer permeability (higher than 10 microdarcy). A regional hydrogeological model with an area of about 60 km × 70 km around Tokyo Bay was discretized into about 10 million gridblocks. To solve the high-resolution model efficiently, we used a parallelized multiphase flow simulator TOUGH2-MP/ECO2N on a world-class high performance supercomputer in Japan, the Earth Simulator. In this simulation, CO₂ was injected into a storage aquifer at about 1 km depth under Tokyo Bay from 10 wells, at a total rate of 10 million tons/year for 100 years. Through the model, we can examine regional groundwater pressure buildup and groundwater migration to the land surface. The results suggest that even if containment of CO₂ plume is ensured, pressure buildup on the order of a few bars can occur in the shallow confined aquifers over extensive regions, including urban inlands.     

淮河流域江苏平原区浅层地下水污染分析

以淮河流域江苏平原区浅层地下水为研究对象,通过对当地影响较大的污染源调查采样,分析了该地区所采602组水样的无机和有机污染状况。研究表明,区内浅层地下水无机污染较严重,基本形成面状污染,地下水超标率高达83．4％,超标率最高为碘化物。有机污染物检出率34．2％,主要包括二氯甲烷、萘和1,2-二氯乙烷等,以点状分布为主。在此基础上阐述了大气降水、污水灌溉、农业施肥以及地下水开采等人类活动对浅层地下水的影响和污染状况。     

挠力河流域农垦开发中居民地景观生态特征的变化

运用G IS、景观格局分析与聚落分析方法定量分析了挠力河流域在快速农垦开发中居民地分布格局的时空变化,探讨了景观格局形成的机制。景观指数分析表明近50 a来居民地面积和数目激增,居民地斑块面积、聚集度增大,表明人类对挠力河流域景观扰动持续增强。在所有背景地类中,居民地与耕地的邻接比例最高。伴随居民地和耕地迅速扩张,两者邻接比例呈上升趋势,两者相互影响越来越大。不同时期居民地扩张强度高值区分布有所不同,主要分布在早期的耕地新增区,1954—2000年挠力河流域居民地扩张高值区最终主要分布于该流域的西部与中部。虽然居民地数目和面积均激增,各居民地之间的距离亦呈缩短趋势,但居民地最近邻点指数表明,近50 a来挠力河流域居民地分布类型一直为随机分布,农垦经济仍占主导地位,人为规划比城镇发达地区薄弱。     

河套平原灌溉间隙期乌梁素海水体细菌群落结构特征

为研究河套平原末端乌梁素海在灌溉间隙期水体中细菌群落组成和相应的功能,于2020年9月开展湖上取样工作并对pH、TN、TP、DIP、DTP、NH4+-N、Chla、EC和SAL等指标进行分析.利用16S rRNA高通量测序方法对乌梁素海表层水15个样本中附着细菌和浮游细菌分别进行测定.结果表明:①附着细菌丰富度和群落多...     

冀中南平原区气溶胶标高变化及估算模型研究

作为反映大气气溶胶垂直分布的重要参量,气溶胶标高被广泛应用于气溶胶反演及模型订正研究中.为研究气溶胶标高时空变化规律并构建其简易计算模型,基于2009～2016年气象站点观测资料及MODIS卫星反演数据,利用Peterson模型及多元回归分析对冀中南平原区气溶胶标高进行了估算分析.研究结果表明:区域气溶胶标高夏季最高,...     

Hydrogeochemical behavior of arsenic-enriched groundwater in the deltaic environment: comparison between two study sites in West Bengal, India

Groundwaters have been collected from deltaic areas of West Bengal (Chakdaha and Baruipur blocks) to record their hydrogeochemical characteristics, and to verify the mechanism of arsenic (As) release. The data reveals that shallow (<70 m) groundwaters in both areas are of Ca-Mg-HCO(3) type; however deeper (>70 m) groundwaters in Baruipur areas are slightly enriched with Na, Cl and SO(4), indicating possible saline water intrusion. The groundwater is anoxic (mean Eh: -124 and -131 mV) with high levels of As (mean: 116 and 293 mug/L), Fe (mean: 4.74 and 3.83 mg/L), PO(4) (mean: 3.73 and 3.21 mg/L) and Mn (mean: 0.37 and 0.49 mg/L), respectively for Chakdaha and Baruipur areas. The observed values of As and bicarbonate (mean: 409 and 499 mg/L) in the shallow aquifer are indicative of redox processes (e.g., oxidation of organic matter) favouring the release of As. Moreover, the presence of DOC in the shallow aquifer suggests that organic matter is young and reactive, and may actively engage in redox driven processes. Our study further confirms that both Fe- and Mn-reduction processes are the dominant mechanisms for As release in these groundwaters.     

松嫩平原西南部土地碱质荒漠化预警研究

土地荒漠化是一个全球性的环境问题,其造成的资源丧失和环境破坏给人类带来了严重的危害,成为影响深远的缓发的生态环境灾害.笔者以松嫩平原西南部为例开展荒漠化预警研究,将地理信息系统与人工神经网络模型相结合,实现了对荒漠化发生的定位、定性及定量研究.