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51.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d−1 kg−1 pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d−1 m−2 at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors. 相似文献
52.
Introduction O rganochlorine pesticides (O C Ps) is a com m on nam e of a group of pesticides consisting of benzene and chlorine. Som e of O C Ps belong to persistent organic pollutants (PO Ps) that are sem i-volatile, bioaccum ulative, persistent and toxic (V allack et al., 1998; Jones and de V oogt, 1999). O CPs are ubiquitous pollutants due to their long-range transport potential. These chem icals have even been found in rem ote areas like the A rctic (M acdonald etal., 2000; A M A … 相似文献
53.
Determination and Assessment of HCHs and DDTs Residues in Sediments from Lake Dongting, China 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The contamination of organochlorine pesticides hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and their
eco-environmental assessment in surface sediments from Lake Dongting, the second-largest freshwater lake in China, were studied.
Concentrations of ∑HCH (=α-HCH + β-HCH + γ-HCH +δ-HCH) were 0.21--9.59 ng/g dry weight and those of ∑ DDT = p,p'-DDD+p,p'-DDE+o,p'-DDT+p,p'-DDT)
ranged from under detectable limit to 10.15 ng/g dry weight. The ratios of α-HCH to γ-HCH were above 7 at most sampling sites
while no or a small amount of β-HCH were found at all sites, suggesting the degradation of HCH used in the history and possibly
current use of HCH in the region. The low ratios (below 2.0 in most cases) of (p,p'-DDE+p,p'-DDD) to p,p'-DDT and high levels
of individual isomers of DDT at some sites also suggested that there have still been fresh inputs of DDT into Lake Dongting.
Through the comparison between concentrations of HCH and DDT residues in sediments of Lake Dongting and those from other places
in China and also from the results of our eco-environmental assessment, it can be concluded that Lake Dongting is the water
body with high contamination of both HCH and DDT in its sediments in comparison with other water bodies in China. 相似文献
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55.
The residue levels of presistent chlorinated pesticides such as HCH (hexachlorocyclo-hexane) isomers and DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane) compounds were quantified in water samples collected from the River Kaveri and its distributor River Coleroon in Tamil Nadu, South India. HCH showed higher levels in River Kaveri during premonsoon (July to September) and monsoon (October to December) months, reflecting the HCH usage during that season for paddy crops. But in the case of DDT no clear trend in residue level was observed. the α-HCH was detected as the dominant isomer in all the three sampling sites. Among DDT compounds, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE showed higher percentage of the total. International comparison of residue levels revealed that the present values are comparable to the waters from Asian and South East Asian nations, but lower than some samples from other parts of India. the value of DDT is well below the EEC's maximum acceptable concentration for surface waters and lower than the recommended limit of 2000ng 1-1 in USA water for protection of aquatic life (Water Quality Criteria, 1972). 相似文献
56.
于2009年3月采集福建武夷山北段106个表层土壤样品,并用气相色谱(GC-ECD)内标法分析其有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,探讨了研究区土壤中OCPs的残留水平、空间分布及来源.结果表明,该区土壤中HCHs及DDTs的异构体或衍生物的检出率在82.1%~100%之间,土壤中HCHs、DDTs的检出率高达100%.HCHs和DDTs含量范围(平均值)分别为1.05~25.07ng/g(3.98ng/g),0.01~107.99ng/g(7.48ng/g).通过与南极、西藏地区等地区土壤含量比较,该地区土壤中OCPs含量属于低污染区.不同土地利用类型中,土壤中总OCPs含量排序为:水田>蔬菜地>林地.来源分析表明该地区HCHs污染主要来源于历史使用,而DDTs近年来仍有输入,这可能与DDT的替代品-三氯杀螨醇的使用有关. 相似文献
57.
利用GC-ECD对长江口南岸14个采样点水体悬浮颗粒物(SPM)及表层沉积物进行了有机氯农药(OCPs)的测定,分析了其中HCHs和DDTs的赋存水平和形态分布.研究表明,OCPs的含量水平有DDTs>HCHs的趋势;悬浮物中污染物浓度高于表层沉积物.悬浮物中HCHs污染水平分布在6.24~14.75ng/g,平均值为12.27ng/g;DDTs的污染水平为3.36~25.66ng/g,平均值为16.37ng/g.而表层沉积物中HCHs含量为1.19~8.22ng/g,平均值5.92ng/g;DDTs的含量水平为4.96~14.94ng/g,平均值为8.92ng/g.研究区内OCPs的含量低于ER-M值,对环境生物具有潜在的危害性. 相似文献
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59.
Application of sewage sludge and intermittent aeration strategy to the bioremediation of DDT-and HCH-contaminated soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Adding organic amendments to stimulate the biodegradation of pesticides is a subject of ongoing interest. The effect of sewage sludge on the bioremediation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH) contaminated soil was investigated in bench scale experiments,and intermittent aeration strategy was also used in this study to form an anaerobic–aerobic cycle. Bioremediation of DDT and HCH was enhanced with the addition of sewage sludge and the intermittent aeration. The removal rates of HCH and DDT were raised by 16.8%–80.8% in 10 days. Sewage sludge increased the organic carbon content from 6.2 to218 g/kg,and it could also introduce efficient degradation microbes to soil,including Pseudomonas sp.,Bacillus sp. and Sphingomonas sp. The unaerated phase enhanced the anaerobic dechlorination of DDT and HCH,and anaerobic removal rates of β-HCH,o,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDT accounted for more than 50% of the total removal rates,but the content of α-HCH declined more in the aerobic phase. 相似文献
60.
广州市农业土壤中六六六(HCH)的残留特征 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:16
用GC-ECD内标法分析了广州市郊区农业土壤表层土中α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH四种有机氯农药的残留情况,并对该地区六六六(HCH)的残留特征进行了分析评价。结果表明,在该地区农业土壤中HCH四种异构体均有不同程度的检出,∑HCH残留量介于5.28~174.94ng/g,平均值为62.07ng/g,其中β-HCH残留量的最大值达到了111.18ng/g;∑HCH残留量在不同农业土壤中有明显差异,菜地土壤为54.93ng/g,作物土壤为113.84ng/g,林地土壤为17.42ng/g;HCH各异构体在不同农业土壤中的累积分布比例β-HCH均为最高,分别为菜地土壤73.1%,林地土壤63%,作物土壤53.1%;广州市各类农业土壤中α-/γ-HCH比值均接近于1,指示该地区土壤环境已经发生变化,可能有新的污染源存在。 相似文献