Surface Consolidation of Pentelic Marble: Criteria for the selection of methods and materials - The Acropolis case (6 pp)

Goal and Scope In order to realize surface consolidation of Pentelic marble on the Acropolis monuments, we have collected the criteria that have to be fulfilled by the methods and materials without side effects on the marbles (and other stones). When the existing methods and materials did not satisfy the requirements (criteria), we invented new ones.Methods The criteria were collected from the literature, by thermodynamic and kinetic viewpoints, by laboratory experiments and in situ observations on monuments, both in Greece and in several countries in which the various methods and materials were applied. Concerning our method of ‘Inversion of sulfation’, performed by spraying a K2CO3 solution, its concentration and its temperature were controlled in order to have a total inversion (certified by liquid crystals) of gypsum back to CaCO3. For the new material of ours, ‘Reinforced Lime’, in order to eliminate the disadvantages of plain lime (low carbonation rate, low mechanical properties of CaCO3 formed, lack of carbonation in the bulk of lime), measurements of the rate of carbonation were performed in plain lime and in lime with a different CaCO3 concentration beforehand as well as in a different CO2 environments, using DTG and XRD to measure the rate of carbonation. The detachment (kg/cm2) of marble specimens stuck by lime in each case was also measured. A microscope was also used to measure the dimensions of the grain in each case as well as ammonium citrate and thymolphthalein to certify the depth of carbonation in each case. Part of the work was communicated in an international congress.Results A table with the criteria of the selection of the methods and materials for the consolidation of Pentelic marble surfaces (and other stones) was established. None of the employed methods and materials fulfilled the criteria. Only the ‘Inversion of gypsum ‘ and the ‘Reinforced Lime’ were adopted and applied to the Acropolis monuments and to other monuments in Greece and in several other countries.Recommendation and Outlook All criteria must be used for the selection of methods and materials for the consolidation of the monument surfaces. This is why we have already studied with the same procedures, methods and materials for restoration, surface cleaning and protection.     

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟景观尺度土壤保持功能的空间分布

景观作为理解和塑造人类社会与环境最具操作性的尺度,其土壤保持功能是实现景观可持续性的重要条件。在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,采用改进的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟景观土壤保持功能的空间分布进行研究。研究表明,研究区土壤保持总量为1.699×10~9 t?a~(-1),单位面积土壤保持量为85.39 t?hm~(-2)?a~(-1);土壤中N、P、K元素保持量分别为9.25×10~6 t?a~(-1)、6.14×10~6 t?a~(-1)、3.41×10~7 t?a~(-1)。按一级景观估算,土壤保持能力从强到弱依次为林地耕地草地住宅用地未利用地水域;按二级景观估算,土壤保持能力以灌木林地为最高,其次分别为有林地、疏林地、丘陵旱地、平原旱地、高盖度草原、山地旱地、中盖度草原,最差的是盐碱地和裸岩石质地。不同景观的土壤保持功能随植被覆盖度的增加呈非线性增长趋势,当植被覆盖度小于50%时,单位面积土壤保持量随植被覆盖度增大而缓慢增加;当植被覆盖度大于50%时,土壤保持功能随植被覆盖度增大而显著增加。因地制宜地提高研究区的植被覆盖度,合理配置景观空间分布格局,有助于景观服务功能的发展,从而对区域生态安全和人类福祉做出更大贡献。     

甘肃亚高山云杉人工林土壤特性及水源涵养功能对林分密度的响应特征

定量分析不同密度云杉（Picea asperata）人工林的土壤特性及水源涵养功能,为人工林可持续经营提供理论依据。以28块7种不同密度梯度的云杉人工幼龄林为研究对象,采用样地调查及取样分析方法,测定土壤理化性质、枯落物持水量以及林地贮水性能等。结果表明：1）林分密度对云杉人工林的土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量、土壤持水量、枯落物蓄积量和持水量都具有显著影响,随着林分密度的增加,土壤孔隙度、土壤养分、枯落物蓄积量、枯落物持水量、土壤持水量表现为先增加后减小,而土壤容重则表现为先减小后增加。密度为1 550 株/hm²时林分土壤容重最小（1.09 g/cm³）,总孔隙度较大（58.99%）,有机质含量最高（9.12%）,枯落物总蓄积量最多（44.41 t/hm²）,最大持水量较高（166.67 t/hm²）,是密度为3 000 株/hm²林分的4.49倍,土壤持水性能较好（3 898.93 t/hm²）。2）根据林地总贮水量评价的涵养水源功能依次为林分密度1 550 株/hm²（4 068.36 t/hm²）>密度1 750 株/hm²（3 945.32 t/hm²）>密度1 350株/hm²（3 698.39 t/hm²）>密度1 060 株/hm²（3 484.10 t/hm²）>密度2 300 株/hm²（3 157.60 t/hm²）>密度850 株/hm²（2 915.03 t/hm²）>密度3 000 株/hm²（2 820.81 t/hm²）。3）在该研究的林分密度范围内,密度为1 550 株/hm²时林分的土壤特性及水源涵养功能最佳。     

江苏省节能减排战略研究

江苏省近年经济稳步增长,人民生活水平不断提高,但经济增长的代价是随之增长的能源消耗,导致对资源需求持续增加,对环境的不利影响日益突出,给节能减排工作造成了沉重的压力。在此对江苏省2000年～2006年社会经济发展与节能减排的耦合关系进行了全面分析．重点分析了江苏省经济总量和产业结构与能源消耗和“三废”排放的关联;总结了江苏省的能耗特点和节能减排工作中存在的问题;并根据江苏省千家企业和百家企业的分布以及不同行业“三废”排放量等指标,明确了节能减排工作的区域与行业重点,提出了江苏省的节能减排战略。     

合同能源管理模式的中美比较研究

节约能源,降低能耗对于环境保护具有重要的意义。长期以来,中国节能多依靠政府的强制命令,企业缺少自觉节能的动力。合同能源管理是一种市场化的节能新机制,在90年代引入中国。这种新机制在不增加政府财政开支的前提下,通过市场来实现节约能源控制污染的目的,同时可促进成熟节能技术的推广,提高整个社会福利。合同能源管理这种节能新模式在美国已经发展了30多年,中关合同能源管理在政策、技术和行业标准等方面存在着各种差异,同时在中国不同地区和不同行业间也存在着差别,通过比较分析指出了促进中国合同能源管理发展时需注意的问题并提出了相关的措施。     

洗浴用小型锅炉的测试与评价

经过多次对煤炭气化高温蒸汽锅炉、型煤锅炉、常压反烧锅炉和蒸汽锅炉等洗浴用小锅炉的测试、分析与评价,确认煤炭气化高温蒸汽锅炉的节能环保指标都比其他锅炉具有显著的优越性。它可以在常压下产生150℃的高温蒸汽,燃烧散煤时其排放的SO2和烟尘都达到国家一级排放标准,锅炉平均热效率可达78.05%,比同吨位的常压热水锅炉和蒸汽锅炉节能30%,比型煤锅炉节能约50%,比燃油锅炉、燃气锅炉、电锅炉节能约60%以上。     

煤炭企业节能减排问题与对策

通过对煤炭企业能耗状况和排污状况的分析,指出煤炭企业节能减排的紧迫性,并从人才紧缺、企业管理与节能减排工作脱节等方面分析了煤炭企业节能减排工作面临的问题,提出应发展循环经济,通过技术创新、管理创新、提高全员素质,促进煤炭企业节能减排。     

加强节能减排 促进自治区科学发展

本文通过学习实践,对深入贯彻落实科学发展观进行了积极探索,为促进自治区节能减排和环境保护事业的发展,提出了一些看法和建议。     

Optimizing the biodiversity gain from agri-environment schemes

How best to optimize the biodiversity gain from agri-environment schemes (AES) has recently been identified as a key policy-relevant question. Here, the effects of two features of lowland agricultural landscapes on the abundance and diversity of larger moths are contrasted. Although both features bring about positive effects, hedgerow trees have a larger impact than 6 m wide grassy field margins. Whilst AES payments are given to create and maintain grass margins, no financial reward is currently offered for the retention of hedgerow trees. Furthermore, it was only in areas where the amount of land under AES was experimentally increased, by targeting farmers, that the presence of hedgerow trees resulted in a substantially higher abundance (+60%) and diversity (+38%) of moths. Thus, by using larger moths as bio-indicators of landscape-scale quality, it is demonstrated that improvements to the cost-effectiveness of AES could be achieved, firstly, by providing more appropriate financial rewards to farmers for different landscape features, and secondly, through landscape-scale targeting of farmers to encourage participation in AES.     

Determination of emergency assembly point for industrial accidents with AHP analysis

Major industrial accidents, which are a type of technological disaster, are very important due to the security risks and financial damages that threaten the environment and human health in today's industrialization. In this study, it was aimed to propose an approach that will guide the decision makers to choose the emergency assembly point that should be in the distance or shelter where the employees will be not affected by the negative consequences of emergencies within the scope of the obligation of industrial establishments preparing an internal emergency plan for major industrial accidents. For this purpose, in the first stage, modelling studies were carried out with ALOHA (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) Software over possible accident scenarios in an industrial establishment containing different types and amounts of hazardous chemicals. As a result of modelling studies, possible toxic emissions, fire and explosion effect distances and threat zones for the industrial establishment were obtained. In the second stage, the weights of the main and sub-selection criteria to be used in determining the assembly point were calculated. This stage was carried out based on the comparison data obtained as a result of the questionnaire applied to professionals with the help of AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method, which is one of the multi-criteria decision making methods. In the last stage, three candidate points were selected considering the physical effect areas determined in the first stage in the boundaries of the establishment, where the employees were evaluated to be affected the minimum from the negative consequences of industrial accidents. These candidate points were evaluated again with the AHP method on the basis of the sub-criteria whose relative weights were determined in the second stage and a selection was made. As a result, an approach that provides the solution of our problem was obtained.