辽河铁岭段3条支流底栖动物调查及水质评价

对辽河铁岭段3条支流清河、柴河和混河入水库前的河段,利用底栖动物需氧特性,以需氧有机体百分率指标,对3条支流的水环境质量状况进行了监测调查和评价。     

猫跳河流域梯级水库夏-秋季节溶解无机碳（DIC）含量及其同位素组成的分布特征

于2007年7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)2次对猫跳河流域河流-水库水体样品进行了采集,分析其水化学组成特征,溶解无机碳(DIC)含量及其同位素组成,研究了猫跳河流域河流-水库的碳元素地球化学行为,目的是阐明梯级水库拦截后河流的碳元素含量和碳同位素(δ13CDIC)组成的分布特征.水体DIC及其同位素(1δ3CDIC)组成的总体特征为:DIC含量夏季低于秋季,夏季DIC含量为1.35~2.84 mmol/L,平均值为2.12 mmol/L,秋季DIC含量为2.03~3.98 mmol/L,平均值为2.67 mmol/L;1δ3CDIC值则相反,夏季较秋季偏正,其1δ3CDIC值流域夏季为-10.3‰~-5.1‰,平均值是-8.6‰,秋季为-13.0‰~-6.9‰,平均值为-9.0‰,表明夏季藻类光合作用优先富集12C,水体富集13C.夏季水库的DIC含量随着深度的加深而增大,而δ13CDIC值则随着深度的加深而偏负,表明表层水体受藻类生物作用影响较大,下层水体主要受有机质的降解影响.DIC含量从上游至下游呈逐渐降低的趋势,而δ13CDIC值从上游至下游呈逐渐偏负的趋势,表明河流受水坝拦截后河流水化学性质发生了改...     

三峡水库支流大宁河冬、春季水华调查研究

以三峡水库主要支流--大宁河冬、春季2次不同类型水华的调查数据为依据,分析并比较了不同水华期间水质的变化、营养盐的构成及水华的特征.结果表明,大宁河冬季水华以唐家湾为中心,叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量较高[(Chl-a)_(max)/(Chl-a)_(min)=260];随着藻类的生长总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数出现富集而含量升高,溶解氧(DO)和pH却出现低值;水华高峰期水体藻类较少,共发现2门4种,水华优势种为铜绿微囊藻和水华微囊藻,藻密度高达3.15×10~7个/L,相关加权综合营养状态指数为80,属于重度富营养化水体.而春季水华属于自回水段以下整体性暴发,Chl-a含量也较高[(Chl-a)_(max)/(Chl-a)_(min)=140];TN、TP和高锰酸盐指数均是随着水华的发生逐渐升高;水华高峰期藻类种群丰富,共发现5门44种,各断面水华优势种和藻密度均不同,相关加权综合营养状态指数显示东坪坝和白水河为轻度富营养化水体.相关性分析表明,冬季水华期间Chl-a与TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数、水温呈显著正相关,与DO、透明度(SD)呈显著负相关;春季水华Chl-a与TP、高锰酸盐指数、DO、pH呈显著正相关,与SD呈显著负相关.冬季水华pH与SD呈显著正相关,与TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数呈显著负相关;而春季水华pH与Chl-a、TP、高锰酸盐指数、DO、气温呈显著正相关,与SD呈显著负相关.     

Maximizing Returns from Payments for Water‐Based Ecosystem Services: Incorporating Externality Effects of Land Management

Given the expansion of payments for water‐based ecosystem services (PWES) worldwide, two relevant issues are as follows: (1) determination of efficient allocations of payments among land managers, and (2) how this might change when paying one manager to implement a best management practice (BMP) to enhance an ecosystem service impacts the cost‐effectiveness of BMPs considered by other land managers not currently involved in PWES. Such externalities may be negative if diminishing returns dominate, or positive if mechanisms such as “social diffusion” dominate. We analyze how a planner should optimally allocate payments, depending on whether the expected externalities are negligible, negative, or positive. We employ (1) an optimal control model to gain insights on the problem’s dynamics, and (2) stochastic dynamic programming to determine optimal funding strategies using a specific application. The study contributes to the literature by identifying dynamically optimal PWES payment patterns, and illustrates how they should change when one accounts for externalities induced by the program. Because such impacts have not been addressed previously in a rigorous way, this treatment provides useful value added for PWES design and implementation.     

Modeling Flow,Nutrient, and Sediment Delivery from a Large International Watershed Using a Field‐Scale SWAT Model

A large international watershed, the St. Clair‐Detroit River System, containing both extensive urban and agricultural areas, was modeled using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The watershed, located in southeastern Michigan, United States, and southwestern Ontario, Canada, encompasses the St. Clair, Clinton, Detroit (DT), Sydenham (SY), Upper, and Lower Thames subwatersheds. The SWAT input data and model resolution (i.e., hydrologic response units, HRUs), were established to mimic farm boundaries, the first time this has been done for a watershed of this size. The model was calibrated (2007–2015) and validated (2001–2006) with a mix of manual and automatic methods at six locations for flow and water quality at various time scales. The model was evaluated using Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and percent bias and was used to explore major water quality issues. We showed the importance of allowing key parameters to vary among subwatersheds to improve goodness of fit, and the resulting parameters were consistent with subwatershed characteristics. Agricultural sources in the Thames and SY subwatersheds and point sources from DT subwatershed were major contributors of phosphorus. Spatial distribution of phosphorus yields at HRU and subbasin levels identified locations for potential management targeting for both point and nonpoint sources and revealed that in some subwatersheds nonpoint sources are dominated by urban sources.     

黄河三角洲新生湿地土壤碳氮磷分布及其生态化学计量学意义

河口湿地是连接陆地生态系统和海洋生态系统的纽带。土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素是湿地生态系统营养水平的重要指示物,显著影响湿地生态系统的生产力。本文研究了黄河三角洲新生湿地不同植被下土壤C、N、P的分布特征和生态化学计量特征。结果表明,1)黄河三角洲新生湿地C、N、P含量分别为1.2~8.4、0.2~0.8、0.4~0.6g/kg,平均值分别为3.5、0.4、0.5g/kg;土壤表层的C、N、P含量显著高于亚表层。2)黄河三角洲新生湿地C/N、C/P、N/P比值分别为4.62~12.67、2.02~16.39、0.22~1.53,平均值分别为8.77、6.81、0.77。土壤C/N、C/P、N/P比值随土壤剖面深度向下递减,不同植被土壤之间的C/N、C/P、N/P比值有所不同。土壤生态化学计量比值显示黄河三角洲新生湿地土壤有机质分解快,氮的矿化度高。因此,提高该地区土壤有机质的归还,同时适当增加氮肥使用成为湿地生态恢复的优先选项。     

Understanding the synchronisms and anachronisms of the Columbia River Treaty in relation to the principles of international water law

Based on the theory of the politics of international law and the hermeneutic theory for international relations, this paper aims to demonstrate how the history and contextual changes within the Columbia River Basin have affected the underlying principles of the Columbia River Treaty with those of international water law.     

国内流域生态系统土壤动物群落结构研究

土壤动物与其生存环境息息相关.土壤质地优良,食物种类丰富多样,则土壤动物个体数、类群数、多样性显著增多.目前,国内学者多侧重研究农田、森林、草原等生态系统土壤动物群落结构,而流域生态系统土壤动物研究较少涉及.对此,从土壤动物的水平分布、垂直分布和群落多样性三个方面来综述流域生态系统相关因素对土壤动物的影响具有代表性.在此基础上借鉴其他生态系统土壤动物相关研究并且结合流域生态系统自身特点拓展土壤动物研究方向,为研究区土地利用方向提供依据.研究流域中不同环境因素对土壤动物区系的影响,了解国内外土壤动物的研究和流域生态系统对土壤动物影响的进展.对于生态环境的恢复与重建具有重大意义.     

雅砻江中游老里沟坡面型泥石流成因机制及危险度评价

坡面泥石流是山地分布最广,出现频率最高的灾害现象。基于野外现场调查及室内实验分析,阐述了老里沟坡面型泥石流的基本特征及形成机制,并结合泥石流动力特征参数进行了危险度评价。研究结果表明:滑坡体上坡面侵蚀沟道发育,为坡面型泥石流的形成提供了强有力的条件;降雨是诱发老里沟坡面流的主要因素;老里沟泥石流类型为高中频、小规模、粘性、暴雨型泥石流,属于中度危险泥石流沟。     

RESEARCH: Comparison of Temporal Trends in Ambient and Compliance Trace Element and PCB Data in Pool 2 of the Mississippi River, USA, 1985–1995

6+ ), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Water-column, bed-sediment, and fish-tissue (fillets) data collected by five government agencies comprised the ambient data set; effluent data from five registered facilities comprised the compliance data set. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall trend test indicated that 33% of temporal trends in all data were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Possible reasons for this were low sample sizes, and a high percentage of samples below the analytical detection limit. Trends in compliance data were more distinct; most trace elements decreased significantly, probably due to improvements in wastewater treatment. Seven trace elements (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn) had statistically significant decreases in wastewater and portions of either or both ambient water and bed sediment. No trends were found in fish tissue. Inconsistency in trends between ambient and compliance data were often found for individual constituents, making overall similarity between the data sets difficult to determine. Logistical differences in monitoring programs, such as varying field and laboratory methods among agencies, made it difficult to assess ambient temporal trends.