海南省环境经济系统的物质流特征与演变

本文运用物质流分析( MFA)和IPAT分析方法,对海南省环境经济系统1990 -2008年间的物质输入与输出进行研究,并与同期广东省数据进行对比分析.结果表明:1990 - 2008年间,海南省环境经济系统直接物质输入呈上升趋势,1990 - 2007年间增长速度平缓,年均增长6.88％,而区域过程排放呈下降趋势,年均降低0.95％;19年间,除个别年份外,海南省物质输入强度、输出强度及物质输入效率均低于同期广东省水平,1994年以前,海南省物质输出效率明显低于同期广东省水平,1995年开始逐渐接近同期广东省水平.对以上结果进行分析,可揭示我国唯一的热带岛屿省份——海南省的物质流特征与演变规律,能够为区域循环经济与可持续发展提供科学决策,促进海南生态省、新型工业省和国际旅游岛的建设.     

两种植被指数与地表温度定量关系的比较研究——以南京市为例

加强绿化可有效缓解城市热岛（UHI）效应,但植被降温规律如何,如何科学绿化一直模糊不清。以南京市ETM+影像为数据源,经ATCOR2模块大气校正后,提取了南京城区地表温度（LST）、归一化植被指数（NDVI）和减化比值植被指数（RSR）,基于实测值和同时相ASTER数据反演结果的双重验证,拟合了两种植被指数与地表温度的定量关系,并进行了对比研究。结果表明：南京市存在明显的UHI,城区水体和绿地为显著的低温区,除水体外,植被覆盖度高的区域地表温度明显低于植被稀少或无植被区;地表温度与NDVI呈显著线性负相关,与RSR呈显著幂函数负相关,后者的相关性高于前者;以〖WTBX〗RSR〖WTBZ〗=32为界,此值之前,地表温度随着植被覆盖增加而锐减,此值之后,植被覆盖继续增加,地表温度却趋于恒定,呈现植被降温效应“饱和”现象;RSR能直接说明对于不同下垫面,增加相同的植被覆盖度其降温效果存在差异,而不进行土地利用分类,NDVI无法揭示此现象     

Quantitative Appraisement on Ecological Cawing Capacity in Coastal Rapid Developing Region of Hainan Province

The ecological carrying capacity, an important indica-tor to evaluate the sustainable development of the ecosystem, means the potential ability of the natural ecosystem to carry so-cioeconomic development while the ecosystem is healthy. It is limited by the carrying capacity of natural resources and environ-merit and the elasticity of the ecosystem. It will be greatly signifi-cant to study the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province, the first ecological province admitted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in China. Not only is the natural eco-system reflected, but also the effects of human activities are em-phasized by integrating the ecosystem health analysis into the ecological carrying capacity research. The research results, using the Factor Analysis tools of software SPSS, indicate that the eco-logical carrying capacity of Hainan Province fluctuated obviously from 1996 to 2005. The level of the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province was relatively high in 1996, and reached into trough from 1997 to 1999. It has steadily ascended to be above the middle level since the 21st century. The results also show that policy factors, especially the implementation of the 'Ecological Province' strategy, were important driving forces to influence the ecological carrying capacity. With the population rapidly increas-ing, the land and water resources per capita have decreased quickly. The amount of the ecological carrying capacity was pro-rooted remarkably by socioeconomic development especially economic growth and technology applications. All of these will provide useful suggestions to establish and enact regional devel-opment policies, especially for protecting and reconstructing the ecology and environment of Hainan Province.     

基于海洋生态产品的海岛旅游绿色发展经济激励额度评估

海洋生态系统为人类提供了环境友好型海产品、可持续海洋原材料、可持续基因资源、生态旅游产品、海景观房地产等海洋生态标签生态产品和减缓温室效应产品、净化环境要素产品、灾害控制产品等海洋关键环境要素生态产品。本文以海洋生态产品理论为基础,将海岛旅游绿色发展含义界定为旅游目的地环境友好型海产品的生产与消费,旅游目的地海洋生态系统与森林生态系统持续稳定地提供核心生态系统服务和旅游业低碳排放;并运用海洋渔业生态标签制度(MFELS)、生态系统服务付费(PES)和市场替换法(MRM),以山东省长岛县为案例地,以问卷调查和访谈调查获取的数据为基础,对海岛旅游绿色发展经济激励额度进行了评估。结果表明:(1)运用MFELS可获得0.207 0×10~8元/a的经济激励资金,其中山东省短途客源地游客、京津冀晋豫中途客源地游客和其他省市区长途客源地游客平均每人次分别承担13.26元、17.57元和17.56元;(2)运用PES可获得0.673 6×10~8元/a的经济激励资金,其中短途游客、中途游客和长途游客平均每人次分别承担43.44元、57.89元和54.42元;(3)运用MRM可获得0.154 1×10~8元/a的经济激励资金,其中各类游客平均每人次分别承担0.00元、14.59元和34.58元;(4)运用MFELS、PES和MRM可获得1.034 7×10~8元/a的经济激励资金,其中各类游客平均每人次分别承担56.70元、90.05元和106.56元。研究建议:各客源地游客承担海岛旅游绿色发展经济激励资金应考虑区域的差异性特征。     

The impact of shoreline stabilization on economic growth in small island developing states

This paper assesses the economic growth impact of shoreline stabilization policy in Small Island Developing States. Concentrating on the Barbadian efforts to stem shoreline retreat, it explores whether investments in shoreline stabilization and beach amenity enhancement have beneficial effects on medium-term economic growth. The analysis relies on the synthetic control method as a way to systematically choose comparison units (beach sites), which allows for precise quantitative inference in small-sample studies. Our results indicate that in the first three years after shoreline stabilization works were completed, local economic effects, as measured by nighttime lights data, are positive and indicate a positive trend. Confidence bounds obtained by a bootstrapping method suggest that the positive trend is robust in the last two years post-treatment. Shoreline stabilization works may therefore not only help preserve fragile ecological conditions, but further lead to sustainable growth in the local economy.     

海南西部资源环境一体化研究

传统发展模式引发的资源环境问题迫使人类思考去寻求新的可持续的发展模式,资源环境一体化就是适应此背景的新兴发展理念。以海南西部沙地环境资源化与山区资源环境化的发展实践,实证分析了资源环境一体化的发展模式与发展机制。按资源与环境是可相互转化的这一资源环境一体化理论基础,海南西部干旱与多沙的环境可将其作为旅游资源进行开发,而针对山区资源过度利用的现状,则通过实施设立自然保护区、退耕还林、封山育林等措施实行保护性开发,实现山区资源环境化。重视环境与可持续发展思想、资源与环境的同源性与资源时效性、科学发展与技术进步、环境政策的完善与严格、政府与企业推进是促进资源环境一体化的主要推动机制。     

基于Ventsim的南山煤矿孤岛工作面均压通风方案研究*

孤岛工作面掘进期间,采用在原有采空区内掘进进风巷、回风巷、切眼的方案以降低工作面冲击地压风险等级。为了降低此布置方案产生的采空区漏风对工作面的影响,设计了6种均压通风方案,使用Ventsim三维通风仿真软件对工作面实施6种方案后通风系统和风压分布状态进行模拟。通过对模拟结果比较,确定以局部通风机吸风量400 m3/min（方案3）为最优设计方案,并根据方案3对该工作面实施均压通风。对该工作面通风系统实测结果分析表明,局部通风机出口风量为346.8 m3/min,进、回风巷及工作面的通风阻力分别为22.8,29和15.2 Pa,验证了该方案的有效性及可靠性,通风系统风量能保证工作面正常开采,且漏风量较小。最后,对工作面采煤过程中以及推进到停采线时均压通风系统进行了稳定性分析,并提出了管理措施。     

Adaptation to Climate Change in Developing Countries

Adaptation to climate change is given increasing international attention as the confidence in climate change projections is getting higher. Developing countries have specific needs for adaptation due to high vulnerabilities, and they will in this way carry a great part of the global costs of climate change although the rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are mainly the responsibility of industrialized countries. This article provides a status of climate change adaptation in developing countries. An overview of observed and projected climate change is given, and recent literature on impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation are reviewed, including the emerging focus on mainstreaming of climate change and adaptation in development plans and programs. The article also serves as an introduction to the seven research articles of this special issue on climate change adaptation in developing countries. It is concluded that although many useful steps have been taken in the direction of ensuring adequate adaptation in developing countries, much work still remains to fully understand the drivers of past adaptation efforts, the need for future adaptation, and how to mainstream climate into general development policies.     

太湖综合治理方案探析

阐述了太湖蓝藻的特性,提出了治理太湖蓝藻的综合方案,以及将蓝藻化害为利的后续处理方法。     

国内外城市热岛研究进展

城市热岛现象是人类活动对气候系统产生的最显著的影响之一。在分析城市热岛效应概念和内涵的基础上,论述了国内外在城市热岛效应研究方面的进展,以期为缓解城市热岛效应提供科学依据。