典型海岛生态系统服务及价值评估

海洋生态系统服务评估相关研究主要集中在特殊海洋生态系统的评估方面.海岛生态系统兼有陆地和海洋的生态系统特征,生态系统组成、结构复杂,很多的服务表现为岛陆互相交错,难以分别计量.选择庙岛群岛南五岛作为研究区域,研究了其生态系统服务,并进行了价值评估.结果表明:2003年庙岛群岛南五岛生态系统服务总价值为3.08×108元.其中,市场价值占到总服务价值的50.99%,与非市场价值基本持平.对于非市场生态系统服务,如气候调节、废弃物处理等,我们仅计算了目前人们已经认识到和容易计算的生态系统服务部分.因此,该研究仅为对庙岛群岛南五岛生态系统服务价值的保守估算.     

海南东环铁路（海口段）运行噪声预测研究

本文对海南东环铁路海口城区的南海大道附近的敏感点列车开通的近期（2020年）和远期（2030年）的噪声进行预测：根据噪声暴露声级与等效声级的关系公式,对列车加密后南海大道距离轨道30m处的噪声进行预测,发现当小时列车数达到14车次时,其昼问等效声级将超过70dBA的标准,为城区段控制小时列车次数提供参考。     

中国海岛县际经济差异与今后产业布局分析

我国12个海岛县,分散分布在黄海等四大海域中,由于所处的海域位置、海洋与岛陆资源丰度以及受市场机制与人文状况、海岛资源开发力度与所处行政区的影响,海岛县际之间经济存在一定差异。根据海岛县人均GDP计算的基尼系数和绘制的洛伦斯曲线图,可以看出海岛县经济差异在缩小。海岛县之间产业结构也存在不同的演进过程,根据主成分得分值,在坐标系上海岛县的具体分布,可以划分出产业结构的不同演进阶段和产业结构类型。目前,海岛县的经济虽然仍为资源型经济,但在开发利用资源方面,已从海洋生物资源利用为主,逐步转向以利用海洋空间资源、海洋非生物资源、岛陆土地资源和海洋生物资源并重的发展方向。一些陆域发展的产业也逐步向海岛转移和延伸,从而在海岛县经济结构中,二、三产业的比重有所增加。     

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

Remote sensing of the urban heat island and its changes in Xiamen City of SE China

World-wide urbanization has significantly modified the landscape, which has important climatic implications across all scales due to the simultaneous removal of natural land cover and introduction of urban materials. This resulted in a phenomenon known as an urban heat island(UHI). A study on the UHI in Xiamen of China was carried out using remote sensing technology. Satellite thermal infrared images were used to determine surface radiant temperatures. Thermal remote sensing data were obtained from band 6 of two Landsat TM/ETM^ images of 1989 and 2000 to observe the UHI changes over l l-year period. The thermal infrared bands were processed through several image enhancement technologies. This generated two 3-dimension-perspective images of Xiamen‘s urban heat island in 1989 and 2000, respectively, and revealed heat characteristics and spatial distribution features of the UHI. To find out the change of the UHI between 1989 and 2000, the two thermal images were first normalized and scaled to seven grades to reduce seasonal difference and then overlaid to produce a difference image by subtracting corresponding pixels. The difference image showed an evident development of the urban heat island in the 11 years. This change was due largely to the urban expansion with a consequent alteration in the ratio of sensible heat flux to latent heat flux. To quantitatively compare UHI, an index called Urban-Heat-Island Ratio Index(URI) was created. It can reveal the intensity of the UHI within the urban area. The calculation of the index was based on the ratio of UHI area to urban area. The greater the index, the more intense the UHI was. The calculation of the index for the Xiamen City indicated that the ratio of UHI area to urban area in 2000 was less than that in 1989. High temperatures in several areas in 1989 were reduced or just disappeared, such as those in old downtown area and Gulangyu lsland. For the potential mitigation of the UHI in Xiamen, a long-term heat island reduction strategy of planting shade trees and using light-colored, highly reflective roof and paving materials should be included in the plans of the city planers, environmental managers and other decision-makers to improve the overall urban environment in the future.     

Worldwide effects of non-native species on species–area relationships

Non-native species have invaded most parts of the world, and the invasion process is expected to continue and accelerate. Because many invading non-native species are likely to become permanent inhabitants, future consideration of species-area relationships (SARs) should account for non-native species, either separately or jointly with native species. If non-native species occupy unused niches and space in invaded areas and extinction rate of native species remains low (especially for plants), the resultant SARs (with both native and non-native species) will likely be stronger. We used published and newly compiled data (35 data sets worldwide) to examine how species invasions affect SARs across selected taxonomic groups and diverse ecosystems around the world. We first examined the SARs for native, non-native, and all species. We then investigated with linear regression analyses and paired or unpaired t tests how degree of invasion (proportion of non-native species) affected postinvasion SARs. Postinvasion SARs for all species (native plus non-native) became significantly stronger as degree of invasion increased (r² = 0.31, p = 0.0006), thus, reshaping SARs worldwide. Overall, native species still showed stronger and less variable SARs. Also, slopes for native species were steeper than for non-native species (0.298 vs. 0.153). There were some differences among non-native taxonomic groups in filling new niches (especially for birds) and between islands and mainland ecosystems. We also found evidence that invasions may increase equilibrial diversity. Study of such changing species–area curves may help determine the probability of future invasions and have practical implications for conservation.     

近40年来海南省三大河下游水体的含沙量特征及影响因素

利用海南省水文局提供的1960—2000年水文资料,对近40年来海南省三大河下游水体的含沙量特征及影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,南渡江、昌化江和万泉河下游水体4—11月份的含沙量一般都较大,而1、2、3、12月份的含沙量都很小,夏秋两季的含沙量明显高于冬春两季,这也跟三大河下游地区的不同月份和季节性平均降雨量分布规律基本相一致,说明降雨在一定程度上决定着三大河流域的土壤侵蚀状况。从年平均含沙量来看,昌化江的含沙量整体明显高于南渡江和万泉河,这可能是昌化江流域原始森林的破坏引起水土流失等自然灾害向下游输送泥沙的结果。     

定量遥感技术在城市热岛效应研究及其治理中的应用

以长春市为例,基于LandSat7 ETM 影像数据定量反演晴空状态下城市地表温度、地表反照率和NDVI(归一化植被指数),通过分析地表温度空间分布状况及其与地表反照率、NDVI的关系,研究城市热岛效应并提出治理对策.研究表明:长春市城区热岛效应显著,热岛中心主要分布在铁北工业园区、二道区北部和绿园区西南部;城区的地表反照率和NDVI始终小于郊区;城区地表温度随着地表反照率和NDVI的增加而降低.因此,在提高工业热源和能源的利用率,减少热量散失和排放的同时,提高城区植被覆盖率和地表反照率可以有效缓解城市热岛效应给城市生态环境带来的不良影响.     

人为热对广州高温天气影响的数值模拟个例分析

基于广州市2009,2000和1990年工业、交通、生活能源统计数据,通过能源清单法估算出广州市对应年份的人为热排放量,再通过在WRF模式中引入2009,2000和1990年的下垫面数据和人为热排放方案,对2005,2012和2017年广州市的3次持续高温过程进行模拟,从而评估不同年代人为热排放水平对广州市极端高温天气的影响.结果表明,模拟的2m气温较为准确,能合理模拟出城市地区的热岛效应,但对极端高温的模拟略有偏低,而引入人为热有助于改善模拟结果.在case2012中,2009,2000和1990年3种人为热排放水平使广州城市下垫面的平均气温分别上升0.53,0.44和0.13℃,热岛强度增强0.43,0.38和0.13℃.3个模拟个例的结果均表明,日间的人为热排放比夜间大,但夜间气温及热岛强度的变化比日间要明显.     

基于多源数据的大气细颗粒物对北京市城市热岛的影响研究

在土地利用方式改变、能源消耗持续增长、人口膨胀的共同作用下,城市热岛效应日趋显著。大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）污染不断加剧,对城市热岛强度也产生了一定的影响。利用地面空气质量监测站点的逐小时PM_2.5污染监测数据、气象监测站点的日均数据和MODIS地表温度数据,结合土地利用类型,划分城郊气象站点和地表温度采样点,分别计算北京市日均PM_2.5浓度、冠层城市热岛强度和地表城市热岛强度,并计算地表城市热岛强度指数,得出热岛强度空间分布图。经过对PM_2.5与冠层城市热岛强度、地表城市热岛强度及其空间分布的相关性分析,得出以下结论：（1）北京市地表城市热岛强度的月、季间变化明显,主要受土地覆盖类型影响,夏季高于冬季,冠层城市热岛强度的月、季间变化较小;（2）PM_2.5质量浓度与冠层城市热岛强度、地表城市热岛强度均呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为?0.5199和?0.6115;（3）昼间地表城市热岛强度与PM_2.5质量浓度的相关性高于夜间;（4）PM_2.5质量浓度变化对地表城市热岛的空间分布有着显著的影响。随着PM_2.5质量浓度的增加,强热岛空间范围向城区缩减。