辽东湾地区~(137)Cs大气沉降研究

利用137Cs示踪技术的前提条件是了解137Cs的大气沉降历史,从而准确求算区域环境中137Cs的背景值.本文利用日本秋田、东京及新泻地区137Cs年沉降数据,并结合相应的降水数据进行修正,对辽东湾地区137Cs的大气沉降进行了定量研究.结果表明,辽东湾地区137Cs的大气沉降趋势与北半球基本一致;1957—2008年辽东湾地区137Cs大气总沉降通量的模拟结果为1536 Bq·m-2(衰变校正至2009年),与该地区土壤中137Cs背景值较为接近;20世纪50年代末60年代初频繁的大气核试验和1986年的切尔诺贝利核事故是1963年和1986年两个137Cs沉降峰值产生的原因;1990年以后,沉降在地表的137Cs在风力侵蚀作用下,发生再悬浮,使得大气中137Cs沉降通量再次出现量级变化明显.福岛核事故产生的核素沉降对研究区的137Cs沉降通量的影响并不明显.     

广西钦州湾营养状况季节分析与评价研究

根据2009年1月、4月、8月和11月对钦州湾海域调查结果,分析并评价了该海域营养状况的季节变化。结果表明,钦州湾海域总溶解无机氮(DIN)含量范围在0.023 mg/L~1.750 mg/L,硅酸盐(SiO3-Si)含量范围在0.027 mg/L~3.900 mg/L,磷酸盐(PO4-P)含量范围在0.001 mg/L~0.158 mg/L。NO3-N是DIN的主要存在形式,占62%~78%。不同的营养盐季节分布有所差异。DIN季节分布表现为夏季春季秋季冬季;PO4-P季节分布为春季秋季冬季夏季;SiO3-Si季节变化为夏季秋季春季冬季。从营养结构看,与Justic'等提出的营养盐化学计量限制标准比较符合P限制条件,PO4-P可能成为浮游植物生长的潜在限制因子。按照营养状态指数值,钦州湾海域春季、夏季和秋季表层海水处于富营养化状态,钦州湾内湾富营养化程度高,一旦水文气象条件适宜,从春季到秋季该区域随时都会发生赤潮灾害的可能。     

辽东湾滨海地区海水入侵分布及地下水化学特征分析

本文通过对辽东湾北部和东、西两侧滨海地区108个地下水井的监测数据进行分析,得出:(1)辽东湾海水入侵严重地区主要分布在辽东湾北部淤泥质海岸,其分布特点是严重海水入侵区、轻度海水入侵区由岸向陆呈带状分布;东西两侧以砂砾质海岸为主,局部地区海水入侵较重,大部分地区海水入侵较轻;(2)辽东湾地下水化学类型可分为五种类型,其分布特点是由岸向陆呈带状分布,规律明显,反映了海水入侵分布特征。氯化物型一般分布在微咸水至咸水区,重碳酸盐氯化物型或氯化物重碳酸盐型、重碳酸盐氯化物硫酸盐型或氯化物重碳酸盐硫酸盐型分布在微咸水向淡水过渡区,硫酸盐重碳酸盐型或重碳酸盐硫酸盐型、重碳酸盐型主要分布在淡水区。     

渤海湾海域10种鱼类中二（口恶）英类及指示性多氯联苯的污染特征研究及风险评价

多氯联苯(PCBs)具有高毒性和生物蓄积性,是列入公约优先控制的持久性有机污染物之一.多氯联苯在水生食物链中蓄积,同时人类食用鱼肉会对人体健康产生一定影响.近渤海地区具有焚烧、钢铁冶炼及水泥等PCBs非故意潜在排放源,而对此区域PCBs产生的环境污染及造成的人体健康效应的研究较少.本研究利用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)首次对近渤海地区10种不同鱼类中的二噁英类多氯联苯(dl-PCBs)和指示性PCBs进行了分析.12种dl-PCBs的含量(以湿重计)为28.9~1067.6 pg·g-1,其中PCB-118和PCB-105是主要贡献单体,贡献率分别是41%~56%和15%~21%.指示性PCBs的浓度范围是185.5~8371.7 pg·g-1,其中PCB-153和PCB-138是主要的贡献单体,贡献率分别是27%和22%.与国内外其他海域的研究相比,近渤海区海水鱼中PCBs残留量处于较低水平,对人体产生健康风险比较小.     

桑沟湾溶解态无机砷的分布、季节变化及影响因素

作为一种化学形态有变的有毒类金属元素,砷在水环境中的生物地球化学行为被越来越多的学者所重视.利用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)对2011年4月、8月、10月和2012年1月航次桑沟湾总溶解态无机砷(TDIAs,[TDIAs]=[As5+]+[As3+])和亚砷酸盐(As3+)的含量进行了测定.结果表明,4个航次中TDIAs的浓度范围分别为3.4~12.4、8.9~16.9、14.7~21.3和13.8~21.9 nmol·L-1,As3+的浓度范围分别为0.3~2.1、0.4~3.8、1.8~4.0和0.3~2.9 nmol·L-1.春、夏季桑沟湾TDIAs的浓度低于秋、冬季,高值出现在湾口和河口区.春、冬季As3+的含量低于夏、秋季,As3+与TDIAs的比值在夏季达到最大值.桑沟湾TDIAs平均浓度为13.9 nmol·L-1±4.7 nmol·L-1,低于美国环境保护署水质标准.根据我国地表水环境质量标准,桑沟湾属于一级水质,这表明桑沟湾未受到明显的人为污染.桑沟湾春、夏季TDIAs的浓度低于与之相邻的爱莲湾和俚岛湾,水文环境和陆源输入的差异是造成这种现象的主要原因.影响桑沟湾TDIAs分布的主要因素包括河流的输入、与黄海的交换以及生物活动的清除,其中养殖活动的影响尤为显著.养殖生物对砷的富集作用可能会带来潜在的生态危机和食品安全问题,需要相关部门加以重视,确保桑沟湾养殖产业的平衡发展.     

纳污海域水环境容量计算与总量分配方法研究——以钦州湾为例

经过比较,明确了选用多源线性迭加的方法来计算纳污海域环境容量更加便利和有效,确定了纳污海域水环境容量计算中的几个重要条件,在对“背景浓度”的处理上引入了最大日均值的概念,使得计算结果更加安全可靠。在此基础上,以广西钦州湾为例,用多元线性迭加法计算出纳污海域两个规划排污口联合排放的无机氮、COD、石油类的最大允许排放量。优化了污染物排放方法,为钦州湾污染物排放提供了科学依据。     

Contaminants in Wintering Canvasbacks and Scaups from San Francisco Bay, California

Organochlorines, metals, and trace elements were measured in liver, kidney, or whole-body tissues of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria), lesser scaups (A. affinis), and greater scaups (A. marila) collected from San Francisco Bay and three coastal areas of California during the winter of 1986–1987. Potentially toxic concentrations of mercury (mean 10.4 µg/g, dry weight) and selenium (mean 32.7 µg/g, dry weight) were found in livers of scaups and canvasbacks from several San Francisco Bay sites. These elements varied spatially, temporally, and between species, with the highest concentrations found in late winter. Mean concentrations of mercury, selenium, and cadmium were generally higher in scaups than in canvasbacks. Of all the organochlorines included in the analyses, only p,p'-DDE and total PCBs were detected in all samples in this study. Mean whole-body concentrations of DDE and PCBs from San Francisco Bay ducks collected in late winter varied spatially and between species, but the concentrations were not considered toxic. Causes for inter-specific differences are unclear, but may be attributable to differences in diet, movement, or physiology.     

Problems and constraints in Philippine municipal fisheries: The case of San Miguel Bay,Camarines Sur

The Philippine fisheries accounted for 3.7% of the gross national product at current prices. The sector employed about 990,872 persons. Of the divisions comprising the industry, municipal fisheries continued to contribute the largest share of fish production. However, the sector is beset with problems, many of which are best examplified by the case of San Miguel Bay (SMB). This paper presents the problems and constraints confronting SMB, a common property resource. This bay's open access condition has led to various problems, such as declining fishery resources, depressed socioeconomic conditions, illegal fishing, increasing population, and conflict among resource users. A poor marketing system, low level of fishing technology, fishermen's noncompliance and authorities' lax enforcement of rules and regulations, as well as lack of alternative sources of income further characterize the condition in SMB. Establishment of fishing rights, improvement of the marketing system, provision of alternative sources of income, and improvement of fishing technology were some of the solutions suggested. One major constraint, however, is financial, Comanagement complemented with other management tools has been proposed in addressing the problems in SMB.     

Conservation and management of the American crocodile

The American crocodile is a rare and endangered species, the range of which has contracted to disjunct locations such as Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba, Panama, and southern Florida. In an attempt to determine what factors might be limiting population growth, an extensive collaborative research program was conducted in 1978–82 in southern Florida. Limiting factors explicitly studied included climate, hurricanes, population dispersion, nesting habitat, fertility, predation, nest chamber environment, juvenile survivorship, artificial mortality, disturbance, and environmental contamination. No single natural factor limits the population, although in concert various factors result in low adult recruitment rates. Such natural limitations explain the natural rarity of this tropical species at the temperate limits of its range. Two artificial sources of mortality are death of adults on roads and the flooding of nests by high groundwater tables. These sources of mortality are potentially controllable by the appropriate management agencies. Active management, by such means as protection of individuals, habitat preservation and enhancement, nest site protection, and captive breeding, is also appropriate for assuring the survival of a rare species. The American crocodile has survived in southern Florida in face of extensive human occupancy of parts of its former nesting habitat, demonstrating the resilience of a threatened species. This case history illustrates the efficacy of conducting research aimed at testing specific management hypotheses, the importance of considering biographical constraints limiting population status in peripheral populations, the need for active management of rare species, and the role of multiple reserves in a conservation and management strategy.     

Long-term phytoplankton trends and related water quality trends in the lower Chesapeake Bay,Virginia, USA

Long-term trends (i.e., 1985 through 1999; 14 1/2 yrs) of the phytoplankton community in Chesapeake Bay indicated patterns of increasing phytoplankton abundance and biomass associated with mainly diatoms and chlorophytes, and to a lesser degree dinoflagellates. Decreasing trends in productivity rates above the pycnocline were present over a shorter time period (10 1/2 yrs.), with evidence for increasing nitrogen limitation is indicated. Reduced light availability is inferred due to decreasing trends of Secchi depths and increased suspended solids trends, which were associated with decreasing trends in productivity rates.