近50年来三江平原北部土地利用/土地覆被变化及生态效应分析

土地利用/覆被变化在全球变化中占有重要地位,对于综合模拟和评价环境问题非常重要。区域案例研究方法是土地利用/土地覆被的研究核心,以中尺度的三江平原北部作为研究区域,重建并分析了自1954年以来该地区4个时段的土地利用/土地覆被格局及其时空演化过程,在此基础上重点分析了20世纪50年代以来耕地的开发过程。结果表明1954年到2000年期间,以湿地、草地和林地转换成耕地为该区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的主要形式,耕地面积由占总面积的5.29%上升到51.81%,同时湿地占总面积的52.49%下降到15.71%,并指出人类的农垦活动是湿地减少和生态环境恶化的根本原因。     

Differing Effects of Cattle Grazing on Native and Alien Plants

Abstract:   Habitat managers use cattle grazing to reduce alien plant cover and promote native species in California grasslands and elsewhere in the western United States. We tested the effectiveness of grazing as a restoration method by examining the effects of herbivory on native and alien plants. At Carrizo Plain National Monument, California, we surveyed native and alien species cover in adjacent grazed and ungrazed areas. We also established experimental plots in which plants were clipped or mulch (dead biomass) was removed. In addition, we clipped plants grown in pots and plants in the field that grew with and without competitors. Native species were negatively affected by clipping in 1999, 2000, and 2001, whereas alien species were unaffected. In the experimental field plots, the European annual forb Erodium cicutarium compensated in growth and reproduction following simulated herbivory. In contrast, growth and reproduction of the native perennial bunchgrass Poa secunda were reduced 1 year after clipping. In pots, E. cicutarium overcompensated and grasses undercompensated. In the field, European grasses were unaffected by the removal of competitors. It is unclear by what mechanism E. cicutarium was able to compensate, but the ability may be related to its basal rosette growth form and indeterminately growing inflorescences. The native California grassland community assembled in the absence of grazing herds, whereas invasive European species have been exposed to grazing for centuries. It may be that these invaders have adaptations that better enable them to recover from grazing. In the grassland we studied, the strategy of livestock grazing for restoration is counterproductive. It harms native species and promotes alien plant growth.     

Impact of dicyandiamide on emissions of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide and ammonia from agricultural field in the North China Plain

Nitrous oxide(N_2O), nitric oxide(NO) and ammonia(NH_3) emissions from an agricultural field in the North China Plain were compared for three treatments during a whole maize growing period from 26 June to 11 October, 2012. Compared with the control treatment(without fertilization, designated as CK), remarkable pulse emissions of N_2O, NO and NH_3 were observed from the normal fertilization treatment(designated as NP) just after fertilization, whereas only N_2O and NH_3 pulse emissions were evident from the nitrification inhibitor treatment(designated as ND). The reduction proportions of N_2O and NO emissions from the ND treatment compared to those from the NP treatment during the whole maize growing period were 31% and 100%, respectively. A measurable increase of NH_3 emission from the ND treatment was found with a cumulative NH_3 emission of 3.8 ± 1.2 kg N/ha,which was 1.4 times greater than that from the NP treatment(2.7 ± 0.7 kg N/ha).     

基于模糊数学的德阳市平原地下水环境质量评价

通过调查德阳市浅层地下水环境,采取79组地下水水样并进行水质分析,选取其中10个评价指标,采用模糊数学评价方法,以MATLAB为计算平台,对德阳市平原地下水进行综合评价,得出区内Ⅰ类水样占总数的22.8%;Ⅱ类占38.0%;Ⅲ类占22.8%;Ⅳ类占2.5%;Ⅴ类占13.9%,地下水水质以中等偏好为主,结合综合指数法对比分析表明模糊数学评价法更加综合合理。区内地下水污染趋势由西向东逐渐加强,污染较严重主要集中于西南部和城市周边区域。导致区内地下水污染的主要因素是Fe、Mn、总硬度、三氮等指标。     

华北平原夏收期间气溶胶卫星遥感探测分析

为研究2014年华北平原在夏收期间气溶胶污染的时空分布特征及形成原因,对2014年6月MODIS卫星的华北平原的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、细粒子比(FMF)、火点分布及后向轨迹进行了分析.结果表明,2014年6月华北平原的气溶胶光学厚度值在1.2~2.0之间,远高于年平均值1.0~1.2,而6月的火点分布主要集中在6—14日,此阶段的气溶胶光学厚度值高于6月6日前及14日以后的气溶胶光学厚度值.在两个特定研究区——华北南部及长三角地区,通过对6月的3个阶段的细粒子比进行分析,发现火点集中阶段细粒子排放增多,确定此次污染极有可能是由秸秆燃烧造成.在火点集中时期,两个研究区的后向轨迹说明,污染主要来自火点分布密集区域,进一步确定了秸秆燃烧是华北平原在夏收期间的主要污染源之一.     

Knowledge,attitude and behavior of farmers in farmland conservation in China: an application of the structural equation model

We analyzed the relationship between the conservation behavior of farmers and their environmental attitude and knowledge, whilst controlling for exogenous socio-economic factors. We employed the structural equation model with cross-sectional data from 442 farmers from the Guanzhong Plain of China. Results showed that local farmers generally possessed a positive environmental attitude and undertook considerable conservation action. Conservation behavior was directly affected by environmental attitude and indirectly by environmental knowledge (via attitude). Social networks, farm size, land rights, age and incentives were significant exogenous explanatory variables. Thus, understanding the importance of socio-behavioral characteristics, including the environmental attitude and knowledge of farmers, is important for the development of farmland conservation policies. Specifically, farmers in this area were found to significantly depend on each other for information on farmland conservation practices. Thus, role model farmer discussions, dissemination of environmentally friendly techniques via social networks and the rewarding of environmentally friendly behavior among farmers should be used to encourage ongoing restoration endeavors, and thereby help mitigate environmental degradation.     

Study on the Balance of Agricultural Water and Land Resources on Ningxia Plain

Abstract

The article puts forward the process and means of regional water and land balance research, and then from two scenarios which are the balances under natural regulation and human intervention, calculated and analysed the balance between water and land on Ningxia Plain. For the balance under natural regulation named farmland water balance, using farmland water resource balance equation, the research estimated the monthly farmland water balance of 8 major crops for all of the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain in the period of 1960–2001; for the balance under human intervention, the research estimated land-use water balance equation of the counties in 2000, and calculated the balance between land use and water resources including irrigating water of all the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain. Results showed that ①precipitation can not meet the water demand of the crops for growth and development on Ningxia Plain, and water shortage is the primary character of farmland water balance under natural regulation, ②the diversity of water and land balance of different counties is distinctly influenced by the crop structure, water quantity for irrigation and irrigation level. ③Irrigation water could meet the crop water demand on Ningxia Plain in 2000, but there was not much space to expand irrigating cultivated land.     

三江平原湿地保护面临的问题及可持续发展战略研究

湿地是地球上最重要的生态系统类型之一,湿地保护工作的重要性已受到社会各界的高度重视.三江平原作为中国面积最大的淡水沼泽湿地分布区,其湿地保护工作尤为重要.目前,三江湿地的保护工作面临持续破坏、永续保护与经济发展之间矛盾突出及保护工作与时俱进有待提高等方面的问题.需继续坚持湿地保护与恢复重建,并在立法保护湿地、湿地生态补偿和加强湿地保护队伍建设等方面开展工作,实现湿地资源利用的可持续发展.     

免耕对华北平原潮土N_2O和CO_2排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了免耕和常规耕作下玉米生长季华北平原潮土N2O和CO2的排放特征。结果表明,免耕土壤N2O累积排放量（以N2O-N计,下同）为0.31 kg.hm-2,略高于常规耕作土壤的0.27 kg.hm-2,两者没有显著差异。灌水、强烈降水或连续阴天会诱发土壤大量排放N2O,免耕处理N2O排放峰值（28.1～38.4μg.m-2.h-1）高于常规耕作处理（18.6～25.7μg.m-2.h-1）。免耕处理CO2累积排放量（以CO2-C计,下同）为1 880 kg.hm-2,显著高于常规耕作土壤的1 333 kg.hm-2。土壤N2O和CO2排放通量与土壤温度呈显著指数相关,常规耕作处理下的相关程度更高。     

基于三维空气质量模型的淄博市臭氧及前体物来源解析

基于WRF-CMAQ模型中的ISAM模块对2021年6月淄博市夏季O₃及其前体物NO₂和VOCs进行来源解析,明确O₃及其前体物的来源(区域和源类),并将O₃日最大8 h平均值(MDA8)高于(低于)160μg·m^-3的时段划分为污染(清洁)时段,对比了清洁天与污染天的来源差别并选取了典型污染时段进行来源解析和过程分析.结果表明,淄博市夏季NO₂主要来自本地排放,贡献率达45.1%,道路移动源(33.8%)和天然源(20.7%)是最主要的本地NO₂来源.天然源、溶剂源和石化行业对VOCs的贡献占据主导地位,总贡献达78.5%.MDA8的本地贡献是21.4%,区域外传输(32%)和周边城市(26.8%)影响不可忽略.在本地排放源中,道路移动源、电力行业和建材行业对本地MDA8贡献率在10.9%～18.8%.O₃污染天时淄博市MDA8受本地贡献及区域内各城市贡献总和均有所上升.但从淄博市本地源类贡献的变化来看,在不同...