中国中部农区乡村重构特征及其地域模式——以江汉平原为例

以人地关系理论为基础,以乡村地域系统内部要素变化解析乡村重构特征、外部环境变化解读乡村重构机理、外源驱动因素与内生响应要素耦合解译乡村重构模式。基于江汉平原的实证研究表明：（1）研究期内乡村地域持续经历重构过程,表现为乡村重构综合指数不断增加,高值区主要沿域内交通干线分布、低值区主要分布长江沿线和平原腹地;（2）乡村重构机制主要表现为工业化、城镇化、市场化等外源驱动因素与经济、社会、空间等内生要素的耦合作用,非农产业规模扩张引发乡村人口外迁和就业转移,进而推动人口、土地和产业等乡村“存量”要素重组;（3）经济—社会重构主导是江汉平原乡村重构的主流模式,产业结构和生产方式变化加剧乡村生态环境和人居环境恶化,乡村振兴及其可持续发展面临水环境污染和水灾害侵袭的双重挑战。研究框架能够揭示江汉平原乡村地理剧变特征,中国中部农产品主产区的乡村重构具有与发达地区不尽相同的图景。研究结果意在为乡村地理研究和乡村振兴实践提供有益启示。     

基于潜在分类模型的湿地生态系统服务公众生态偏好异质性研究

在生态系统服务价值评估研究中,把握公众的生态偏好是当前研究的重要内容。论文以三江平原湿地为研究对象,应用选择实验法获取公众的生态偏好和支付意愿,构建潜在分类模型,探究公众对湿地各项生态系统服务的偏好异质性。研究结果显示：公众对各项湿地生态系统服务存在显著的偏好异质性,资源偏好型的受访者所占比例最大（68.78%）,景观偏好型的受访者对自然景观的支付意愿显著较高,而价格敏感型受访者的支付意愿明显低于其他两类。分析各潜在类别可知,公众的社会经济特征及环境意识对其偏好具有显著影响。教育水平越高的受访者越偏好于资源保护,高收入和到景区旅游次数多的受访者更偏好于景观保护,而价格敏感型受访者的环境意识相对较低。研究不仅为湿地生态系统服务偏好异质性的研究提供新途径,也为相关环境政策的制定提供参考。     

APPLICATION OF A MULTIPURPOSE UNEQUAL PROBABILITY STREAM SURVEY IN THE MID‐ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN1

ABSTRACT: A stratified, spatially balanced sample with unequal probability selection was used to design a multipurpose survey of headwater streams in the Mid‐Atlantic Coastal Plain. Objectives for the survey include unbiased estimates of regional stream conditions, and adequate coverage of unusual but significant environmental settings to support empirical modeling of the factors affecting those conditions. The design and field application of the survey are discussed in light of these multiple objectives. A probability (random) sample of 175 first‐order nontidal streams was selected for synoptic sampling of water chemistry and benthic and riparian ecology during late winter and spring 2000. Twenty‐five streams were selected within each of seven hydrogeologic subre‐gions (strata) that were delineated on the basis of physiography and surficial geology. In each subregion, unequal inclusion probabilities were used to provide an approximately even distribution of streams along a gradient of forested to developed (agricultural or urban) land in the contributing watershed. Alternate streams were also selected. Alternates were included in groups of five in each subregion when field reconnaissance demonstrated that primary streams were inaccessible or otherwise unusable. Despite the rejection and replacement of a considerable number of primary streams during reconnaissance (up to 40 percent in one subregion), the desired land use distribution was maintained within each hydrogeologic subregion without sacrificing the probabilistic design.     

刈割对华北平原人工草地土壤呼吸速率的影响

根据中国科学院禹城综合试验站牧草生态试验场土壤呼吸测定数据,分析了刈割前后3年生和6年生苜蓿、白三叶及小黑麦4种人工草地土壤呼吸日变化特征及刈割对草地土壤呼吸速率的影响。结果表明:①刈割前不同牧草地的土壤呼吸强度差异明显,依次为3年生苜蓿>6年生苜蓿>白三叶>小黑麦,刈割后不同牧草地的土壤呼吸强度相差不大,土壤呼吸速率在3.0~3.5 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1之间;②刈割前不同牧草地的土壤呼吸日变化不相同,6年生苜蓿与小黑麦草地刈割前土壤呼吸速率由9:00开始逐渐增强,在12:00~16:00之间持续较高,以后逐渐下降,3年生苜蓿与白三叶草草地土壤呼吸速率在9:00~12:00之间逐渐升高,12:00到达峰值,之后逐渐下降;③与刈割前相比,4个处理牧草刈割10 d后其草地的土壤呼吸速率下降了30%~40%;④刈割前后Q₁₀值在1~2.32之间,平均值为1.37,刈割前平均值为1.63,刈割后平均值降为1.10。     

湖南澧阳平原黑褐色土的稀土元素地球化学特征及其环境意义

通过对澧阳平原大量的野外考察、典型剖面玉成(YC)黑褐色土壤剖面的系统取样和室内粒度、稀土元素地球化学分析,以及OSL和AMS14C年代测定,探讨了黑褐色土的稀土地球化学特征,揭示了黑褐色土的形成年代、形成过程与形成环境.研究结果表明,黑褐色土层XREE变化范围分布在184.63-264.261μg·g-1,其平均值为207.93μg·g-1;低于剖面的∑REE总平均值219.87Pμg·g-1,与洞庭盆地的红土∑REE平均值(211.6μg·g-1)大体相当,但明显高于镇江下蜀黄土(207.7μg·g-1)和黄土高原黄土(159.2μg·g-1),表明YC剖面黑褐色土上经过了相对较强的风化成壤作用.YC剖面黑褐色土的稀土分布模式与该剖面黄土层、黄土高原黄土、镇江下蜀黄土和洞庭盆地风成红土等典型风成沉积物的分布模式具有一致性,而与河流沉积物、湖泊沉积物和基岩风化红土在稀土的分布模式上具有明显差别.而且,YC剖面沉积物粒度频率曲线呈明显的单峰分布,与典型河流相的双峰粒度频率分布存在显著差异;YC剖面位于澧阳平原中部台地上,比周边高5-10m,不可能是洪水作用沉积物;野外调查进一步表明,沉积物无水流作用痕迹;OSL和AMS14C年代测定表明,黑褐色土层形成的年代对应于23.8-10.6 ka BP,此年代对应于末次冰期的晚期,其形成于相对冷湿的气候环境.因此,黑褐色土层及其上、下部的黄土层均为风成堆积物.     

DETECTING BASE FLOW IMPACTS IN COASTAL PLAIN STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: An established trend analysis methodology was applied to the problem of identifying and quantifying stream base flow impacts from water withdrawals and water loss through interbasin transfers. Impacts were simulated using base flow values selected from two U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) continuous record streamflow sites located within the Pinelands of southern New Jersey. Study site base flows were regressed against index site base flows with monotonic and step trend tests applied to the residuals from the regression model. The smallest, significantly detectable (α= 0.10) percentage reduction within a given simulation was used as an estimate of the sensitivity of a trend test. Evaluation of the trend analysis methodology led to the following practical considerations regarding trend test sensitivity. The proportion of study site base flow variability explained by index site base flows should be maximized, while at the same time minimizing positive, first-order autocorrelation in the regression residuals. Given the importance of detecting autocorrelation, missing values should be avoided or minimized. The quarterly (three-month) interval reduced the magnitude of autocorrelation relative to a shorter two-month sampling interval. Sensitivity appeared to improve when equalizing the number of values before and after a base flow impact(s) while seasonally biased sampling appeared to reduce sensitivity. Based primarily on past trend detection studies, nonparametric tests were deemed a better choice over their parametric counterparts, due to the lack of stringent data distributional requirements coupled with little or no loss of power even when applied to normally distributed data.     

典型平原河网区水体富营养化特征、成因分析及控制对策研究

本文以嘉兴市北部湖荡区为典型研究区域,通过现场调研、来源分析等,揭示了平原河网区水体富营养化状态,明确了水污染主要成因,并提出控制对策.研究结果显示,北部湖荡区总磷、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、化学需氧量、总氮、氨氮等各污染物含量呈现显著的时空分布特征,西部片区水质较东部片区差,5月水质较9月差(总磷除外);富营养化...     

沟渠化对三江平原湿地铁元素沉积过程的影响

沟渠化是湿地垦殖的标志性过程和景观.在三江平原洪河国家级自然保护区附近选择了一个典型四级排水沟渠系统,沿等级在沟渠底部布设沉积板,并以附近的河漫滩天然湿地为对照,连续两年定量采集了不同级别沟渠和天然湿地中的当年沉积物,分别计算了沉积通量和沉积物中的铁元素及其氧化物和生源要素含量.结果表明,各等级沟渠的枯落物、泥沙和总沉积通量都没有显著性差异,其均值分别为(57.00±16.90)、(3 997.57±798.98)和(4 054.57±792.91)g·(m2·a)-1,其中枯落物所占比例随沟渠等级增加而逐渐降低;天然湿地的枯落物沉积通量[(120.26±19.42)g·(m2·a)-1]显著高于沟渠,而泥沙[(35.41±11.15)g·(m2·a)-1]和总沉积通量[(155.67±20.75)g·(m2·a)-1]则显著低于沟渠;各级沟渠和天然湿地沉积物中的总铁含量没有显著性差异,但游离态铁含量显著低于天然湿地;农渠、斗渠和支渠沉积物的无定形铁和络合态铁含量都与天然湿地接近,且都高于干渠沉积物;各级沟渠沉积物中铁氧化物的游离度为天然湿地的60.2%,而络合度和活化度都没有显著性差异;各级沟渠沉积物中的总有机碳、总氮和总磷含量都没有显著差异,但都低于天然湿地,分别为天然湿地的14.6%、31.6%和41.0%.三江平原湿地垦殖形成的沟渠化对天然湿地的铁和生源要素沉积产生了显著影响,合理的农田用水管理才能避免由此带来的环境生态风险.     

三江平原小叶章湿地H2S和COS排放动态

利用静态箱/气相色谱法,观测了生长季(5～9月)三江平原小叶章沼泽化草甸H₂S和COS的释放动态,结果表明,H₂S、COS的排放通量具有季节和日变化规律,小叶章沼泽化草甸H₂S的平均释放通量为0.34μg·(m²·h)^-1,COS的平均释放通量为-0.29μg·(m²·h)^-1;在生长季,小叶章沼泽化草甸表现为H₂S的源,COS的汇.小叶章的生长过程对H₂S、COS的排放影响显著,在小叶章生长旺盛期,H₂S出现排放峰值,COS出现吸收高峰,H₂S和COS的释放通量呈负相关.     

三江平原不同土地利用方式下凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献

运用Li-6400土壤呼吸配套系统研究了三江平原沼泽湿地不同土地利用方式下保留和去除凋落物的土壤呼吸特征,进而分析了不同土地利用方式下凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献及其与凋落物输入量和环境因子(温度、降水等)之间的相互关系.结果表明,整个生长季4种土地利用方式下凋落物对土壤呼吸的平均贡献量在-0.21~0.64μmol/(m2.s)之间,贡献率表现为小叶章草甸湿地(14%)人工林地(12%)大豆田(8%)退耕还湿地(-5%).其中,退耕还湿后凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献表现为负值,减少了土壤呼吸的排放,表明凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献可能最终取决于凋落物分解与屏蔽作用之间的平衡.除大豆田外,不同土地利用方式下凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献均与10 cm地温达到了极显著相关关系(p0.01).另外,降雨的影响与凋落物输入密切相关,表明凋落物除自身分解外,还可能参与到气候变化的生态效应中.