有色冶金区土壤-蔬菜系统重金属污染特征及健康风险分析

采用对应采样方法研究大冶有色冶炼厂周围地区土壤、蔬菜中Cd、Cu、Pb和As的含量,并对蔬菜重金属污染状况、富集能力及健康风险进行了分析。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属污染严重,Cd、Cu、Pb和As平均含量分别达5.28、193.37、93.83和36.56 mg/kg,分别为湖北省对应元素土壤背景值的31.06、6.30、3.51和2.97倍,表现为以Cd为主的多种重金属共同污染。与《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2012)标准比较,蔬菜中Cd和Cu含量的样本超标率分别为68%和6%,而As、Pb的含量均不超标。蔬菜中重金属富集能力的排序为:CdCuAsPb,叶菜类蔬菜对Cd、Cu、Pb和As的富集系数均高于非叶菜类蔬菜。土壤和蔬菜重金属综合质量指数达10.07,为重度污染。研究区人群通过蔬菜摄入As、Cd的目标危险系数均大于1,存在As、Cd暴露的健康风险;成人和儿童食用蔬菜而摄入重金属的TTHQ分别为2.11~5.06和2.78~6.64,儿童比成人遭受的健康风险更大,并且距离冶炼厂越近,所遭受的健康风险越大。蔬菜中重金属的复合污染已使大冶有色冶炼厂周围居民面临潜在的健康风险。     

3种水生蔬菜对稀土元素钷的吸收与富集

应用放射性核素示踪技术 ,研究了 3种水生蔬菜 (慈姑、荸荠和水芹菜 )对稀土元素钷 (14 7Pm)的吸收与富集。结果表明 :(1 ) 3种水生蔬菜对14 7Pm均有较强的吸收与富集能力。其中 ,水芹菜随生长时间的延长 ,吸收14 7Pm的量明显增加 ,50、80、1 1 0d时全样的吸收系数分别为 0 98± 0 1 9、0 92± 0 3 8和 1 1 4± 0 1 8;(2 ) 3种蔬菜的食用器官 (水芹菜的主茎 ,慈姑和荸荠的球茎 )对14 7Pm具有明显的富集性 ,吸收系数分别为 1 2 9± 0 2 8、2 0 9± 0 0 3和 1 55± 0 55     

广州城郊菜地土壤磷素特征及流失风险分析

通过化学分析和土壤淋洗试验对广州城郊菜地土壤磷素特征和流失风险进行了研究和分析。结果表明.广州城郊菜地土壤全磷含量极高;与自然土壤相比较,菜园土壤无机磷比例增大、有机磷比例降低;无机磷中的AI-P、Fe-P比例增加.O-P比例降低,Ca-P比例基本一致;土壤Olsen P、Bray-1 P、Mehlich-1 P、0.01mol/L CaCl_2和H_2O提取的磷含量相当高;土壤淋洗液中溶解态磷和总磷持续保持很高的浓度,土壤磷供应强度大。菜园土壤中磷进入水体引起水体磷浓度增加,导致水体富营养化风险大;土壤磷的测定值可作为土壤磷流失风险和对水环境影响程度的评估依据。菜地应作为农业非点源磷污染的优先控制区、应通过严格控制磷肥的投入和合理施肥等控制磷的流失。     

5种水生植物对模拟菜地径流中总氮和硝氮净化效果

近年来,太湖地区蔬菜大棚种植面积日益增加,高施肥量造成菜地土壤硝氮( NO 3 - -N)积累严重,夏季揭棚期菜地在降雨初期会产生高浓度 NO 3 - -N(富硝)的地表径流。为净化菜地富硝地表径流,选取苦草、伊乐藻、黄花水龙、狐尾藻和铜钱草5种常见水生植物,开展了模拟富硝地表径流的箱内净化试验。结果表明:在模拟径流总氮(TN)浓度为6.32~6.80 mg/L、 NO 3 - -N浓度为4.76~5.09 mg/L时,5种水生植物在试验初期(第1周)均表现出较好的氮去除效果,TN和 NO 3 - -N去除率分别超过80%和90%,试验后期(第3、4周)苦草、伊乐藻和铜钱草对TN、 NO 3 - -N的去除率明显下降,而黄花水龙和狐尾藻仍保持较高的 NO 3 - -N去除率(90%以上);在模拟径流TN浓度为15.62~18.00 mg/L, NO 3 - -N浓度为13.19~13.96 mg/L时,5种水生植物的生长均受到不同程度的胁迫,但黄花水龙和狐尾藻对氮去除能力显著高于其他植物;黄花水龙和狐尾藻具有较大的生物量,使其具有良好的氮去除能力,2种植物通过反硝化等途径去除的氮在不同处理间无显著差异,黄花水龙和狐尾藻较适宜净化富硝地表径流。     

Voltammetric detection of trifluralin in tap water,fruit juice,and vegetable extracts in the presence of surfactants

This study describes a novel electrochemical method to determine the herbicide trifluralin in samples of water, fruit juice, and vegetable extracts in the presence of surfactants, using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). In acidic media, trifluralin was irreversible on the glassy carbon electrode surface at ?0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Surfactant presence on the electrode–solution interface modified current intensities and shifted the reduction peak potential of trifluralin. Different types of surfactant and their concentrations were investigated. The anionic surfactant significantly enhanced the peak current intensity of trifluralin. Under optimal analytical conditions, an analytical curve was obtained in the concentration range of 0.48–32.20 µM. The limits of detection and quantification were estimated at 0.031 and 0.104 µM, respectively. The method was successfully applied to quantify trifluralin in samples of water, orange and tomato juice, and green pepper, carrot, and onion extracts, with recovery rates of 97.9–102.1%. The results were in good agreement with those obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography, indicating that the proposed electrochemical method can be employed to quantify trifluralin in various types foods, with sensitivity, specificity, selectivity and reproducibility.     

Photodegradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil with vegetable oil

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of olive oil on the photodegradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in contaminated sawmill soil. Previous studies had shown that the solubility of PCDD/Fs in olive oil is high and a rapid photodegradation of PCDD/Fs takes place in olive oil when irradiated with ultraviolet (blacklight) lamps. The efficiency of this treatment method was evaluated under more practical conditions. These included the use of sunlight irradiation and a lower-grade olive oil, without a preliminary extraction of soil with olive oil. METHODS: A 1-cm layer of contaminated sawmill soil was blended with 20 weight-% of olive oil and exposed to sunlight for four weeks. In another experiment, a new dose of olive oil was added at the middle of the exposure period. The PCDD/F concentrations of the soils were monitored periodically. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A reduction in the concentration of 2,3,7,8-chlorinated PCDD/Fs by 59% and in WHO-TEQ in contaminated sawmill soil by 48% was attained after blending the soil with two doses (20 + 20%) of olive oil and exposing the mixture to sunlight for four weeks. Photodegradation with only one dose of olive oil was less efficient. This suggests that periodical additions of olive oil would be needed to maintain a proper degradation rate. After the oil additions, the WHO-TEQ content of the soil declined with first order reaction half-lives of 19.2 to 19.7 d. The overall half-life during the four-week treatment, however, was 30 d. CONCLUSION: A significant reduction in the PCDD/F concentration of aged sawmill soil can be achieved with a relatively simple olive oil-sunlight treatment. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Some theoretical and technological questions need to be solved before using the investigated soil decontamination method in larger-scale applications. The functions of vegetable oils in photodegradation processes should be studied in more detail. The amount of oil that is needed for a proper solubilisation and photodegradation of PCDD/Fs should be minimised. Moreover, special care should be taken to prevent mobilisation of PCDD/Fs to the surrounding environment and to avoid leaving bioavailable residuals of PCDD/Fs in soil.     

高水分蔬菜废物和花卉、鸡舍废物联合堆肥的中试研究

以滇池流域的典型农业废物蔬菜、花卉废物和鸡舍废物为原料,进行了不同配比的联合堆肥中试研究.一次发酵采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥系统,二次发酵采用周期性翻堆自然腐熟.在一次发酵阶段,堆体温度在55℃以上保持至少3d,最高温度达73.3℃,可有效杀灭致病菌;堆体含水率从75%降低到56%,多余水分得到快速去除;有机质从65%降低到50%,pH值稳定在8.二次发酵后堆肥产物的腐熟度和养分分析结果表明,产物稳定性好,养分含量高.通过堆肥工艺的优化控制,蔬菜废物、花卉废物和鸡舍废物联合堆肥可以获得高质量的堆肥产品,废物还田能有效减少固体废物非点源污染、提高土壤肥力.     

基于地统计学和GIS的土壤和蔬菜重金属的环境质量评价

以浙江省上虞市东关镇为例,利用地统计学与GIS技术相结合的方法揭示了该地区土壤与蔬菜重金属含量的空间分布特征,并评价其重金属的环境质量状况,在参照评价标准的基础上,绘制了土壤与蔬菜重金属的空间分布图,并对其成因进行了探讨.结果表明:东关镇大部分田块存在着重金属分布不均的情况;Cu、Zn的含量偏低,Pb、Cd含量偏高;全镇土壤和蔬菜重金属含量的空间变异很大,土壤重金属的全量与有效态含量之间存在显著的正相关,空间分布存在一定相似形,与蔬菜的空间分布则存在很大的区别,蔬菜重金属含量与土壤重金属的含量有一定的相关性,基本都未达到显著水平;小青菜中Zn和Cu的含量未超标,Pb、Cd则超标.     

Assessment and mapping of environmental quality in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province, China

Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province were monitored to indicate the status of heavy metal contamination and assess environmental quality of agricultural soils. A total of 908 soil samples were collected from 38 counties in Zbejiang Province and eight heavy metal （Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Ni and As） concentrations had been evaluated in agricultural soil. It was found 775 samples were unpolluted and 133 samples were slightly polluted and more respectively, that is approximately 14.65% agricultural soil samples had the heavy metal concentration above the threshold level in this province by means of Nemerow＇s synthetical pollution index method according to the second grade of Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of China （GB15618- 1995）. Contamination of Cd was the highest, followed by Ni, As and Zn were lower correspondingly. Moreover, Inverse Distance Weighted （IDW） interpolation method was used to make an assessment map of soil environmental quality based on the Nemerow＇s pollution index and the soil environmental quality was categorized into five grades. Moreover, ten indices were calculated as input parameters for principal component analysis （PCA） and the principal components （PCs） were created to compare environmental quality of different soils and regions. The results revealed that environmental quality of tea soils was better than that of paddy soils, vegetable soils and fruit soils. This study indicated that GIS combined with multivariate statistical approaches proved to be effective and powerful tool in the mapping of soil contamination distribution and the assessment of soil environmental quality on provincial scale, which is beneficial to environmental protection and management decision-making by local government.     

重庆蔬菜的重金属污染调查

本文于2002年对重庆市部分区县37个乡镇的菜地蔬菜进行了有针对性地采样、试验和评价以及对比分析。发现重庆蔬菜已经 受到了重金属Cd、Pb和Hg的污染。污染程度排序为近郊区>城郊区>远郊区,Cd污染>Pb污染>Hg污染。与1999年相比,重庆蔬菜 的重金属污染状况总的来说有很大的好转,但是,Cd的污染有加重趋势。