Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility < l0 km and RH (relative humidity) < 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA (secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and SOA were 49.8 (± 31.6), 31.4 (± 22.3), 25.8 (± 16.6) and 8.9 (± 4.1) μg/m³, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM₁₀ during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM₁₀ rose to about 27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM₁₀ mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO₂ to SO₄^2 − and NO₂ to NO₃⁻, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.     

Chemical characterization of size-resolved aerosols in four seasons and hazy days in the megacity Beijing of China

Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM₁₀ and PM_1.8 mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m³, respectively, throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM_1.8/PM₁₀ ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM (organic matter = 1.6 × OC (organic carbon)) and SIA (secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca^2 + were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA (secondary organic aerosol) and SIA, accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, CaSO₄, Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons.     

喀什噶尔河下游平原区地下水咸化特征及成因分析

为了揭示新疆喀什噶尔河下游平原区地下水咸化的分布特征和形成机制,综合运用数理统计、Duorv图、PCA-APCS-MLR模型、离子比值和水文地球化学模拟等方法,对2018年采集的69组地下水样品进行分析.结果表明,研究区地下水总体呈弱碱性,TDS的变化范围为573.0~16700.0 mg ·L^-1,地下水化学类型主要为HCO₃·SO₄·Cl、SO₄和SO₄·Cl型;咸化系数计算结果表明,从潜水至深层承压水咸化程度呈现出逐渐增加的规律;蒸发浓缩作用和溶滤作用是导致研究区地下水咸化的主要因素,从潜水至深层承压水碳酸盐岩、硅酸盐岩的风化溶解和阳离子交换作用逐渐减弱,而蒸发盐岩的风化溶解持续加强,也是导致深层地下水咸化程度大于浅层地下水的首要因素;人类活动对研究区地下水咸化也产生了一定的影响;相邻含水层咸水的越流补给加剧了研究区地下水的咸化.     

广西特有植物瑶山苣苔的濒危原因及保护对策

瑶山苣苔(Dayaoshania cotinifolia W.T.Wang)是苦苣苔科多年生草本植物,为国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生植物.在2004-2006年对瑶山苣苔资源现状、生物学和生态学特性调查的基础上,探讨了瑶山苣苔的濒危原因及解濒措施.结果表明,人为原因是导致瑶山苣苔濒危的最主要原因;其次是昆虫对瑶山苣果实的捕食显著减少了种子数量;第三,瑶山苣苔同有的生物学特性限制其种群数量增加.为更好的保护瑶山苣苔,作者建议采用就地保护策略,即建立金秀老山自然保护区独木桥和青年工区两个瑶山苣苔保护点,有效地保护该种群及其分布生境;同时加强瑶山苣苔的科学研究,实施迁地保护.     

博斯腾湖矿化度现状分析

博斯腾湖是目前我国最大的内陆淡水湖,近40多年来,博斯腾湖矿化度年际变化经历了好→中→差→中的过程。本文在对博斯腾湖矿化度历史变化和博斯腾湖各区域矿化度分布调查分析的基础上,全面客观的分析了博斯腾湖矿化度的成因。通过对多年数据的分析,建立了矿化度与水位的定量关系模型,并就如何控制博斯腾湖矿化度提出了可行的对策。     

Revising HFACS for SMEs in the chemical industry: HFACS-CSMEs

Chemical accidents have occurred frequently in recent years, and most have occurred in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). SMEs in the chemical industry face greater challenges than large enterprises with regard to accident prevention. However, SMEs have been unable to effectively learn from accidents due to the limited resources. The accident causation model is an effective tool to help the analyst learn from accidents. As a systematic accident causation model, the causes classification in the human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS) can match the characteristics of SMEs, but the cause of chemical accidents can be ineffectively identified by HFACS. In this study, HFACS was revised for the SMEs in the chemical industry, mainly consisting of three parts. First, based on the definition of factors in the original HFACS, the extended HFACS framework was obtained, which include 78 manifestations with the characteristics of the chemical accidents. Second, 101 accidents occurring in a SME in the chemical industry from 2012 to 2016 were analyzed though the extended HFACS framework. Finally, a new model, known as the HFACS-CSMEs, was obtained by further revising the manifestations and causes classification according to the statistical results of the accident analysis. HFACS-CSMEs consists of 15 cause factors and 56 manifestations, which can effectually identify and distinguish the causes in chemical accidents. Moreover, the easy-to-understand and statistically acceptable features of HFACS-CSMEs can cater to the SMEs regarding accident analysis. HFACS-CSMEs solves the problem that HFACS cannot be directly applied to chemical accidents and provides new ideas about preventing accidents in SMEs in the chemical industry.     

2020年珠三角O3污染特征及主要成因

采用珠三角常规空气污染物与成分监测数据,通过分析对比2020年不同阶段的污染物浓度与气象等数据,研究了2020年珠三角臭氧污染特征与其主要成因。结果表明,2020年各月珠三角超标天首要污染物是O₃,珠三角2020年O₃评价浓度为148μg/m³,同比下降16%,AQI达标率同比上升9.5%。2020年O₃污染相对严重的月份是4、8~11月,对应的月度O₃评价浓度分别达到175,164,166,171,162μg/m³,均超过国家二级标准;其它月份均达标,6~12月O₃污染情况同比改善明显,O₃污染减轻使AQI达标率同比上升明显。2020年一季度受春节假期和疫情因素等共同影响,大气污染物排放量明显减少,但O₃浓度下降不明显,主要由于日照时数同比上升约19%;4月全面复工复产,以及辐射相对较强的气象条件,使O₃评价浓度同比上升约58%;5~8月“百日服务”与9~12月“百日行动”采取的污染防治措施有效降低O₃前体物排放量,NO₂浓度同比下降了22%~23%,VOCs浓度下降了18%~26%,使2个阶段的O₃评价浓度均同比下降了20%左右。     

陕西省2003年夏秋季异常气候特征及成因分析

2003年夏秋季,陕西省降水异常偏多,暴雨洪涝、地质灾害严重;光热条件差;入秋后出现了近十几年来罕见的强秋淋天气;8月下旬至10月上旬,渭河下游先后5次出现洪峰.本文分析和探讨了2003年夏秋季的异常气候特征及其成因.     

西部地区农村贫困现状、原因及对策探析

实施开发式扶贫政策以来。西部地区扶贫工作取得了令人鼓舞的成就．但由于多方面原因。扶贫任务仍然十分艰巨。本文从西部地区农村贫困现状出发．根据汉森理论．对西部地区农村贫困原因作了深入分析。最后提出了治理贫困对策。     

试论清代宁夏地区灾荒发生的社会成因

清代宁夏地区是全国灾荒最严重的地区之一,灾荒的发生有其自然成因,但社会成因更为重要.环境破坏、粮储不足、吏治腐败、战乱频发等社会因素使人民丧失了抵抗灾荒的能力,人民饥馑潦倒,政府财政窘困,最终导致灾荒频发.