雾霾天气产生原因分析

本文对近期我国大部分地区雾霾天气成因进行了简要的分析,静风、逆温天气、能源结构、机动车数量的增加、城市建设和秸秆焚烧是造成雾霾天气的主要成因。应积极探讨雾霾天气产生的原因,减小雾霾天气发生的概率。     

成都市雾霾期间气象要素与环境空气质量状况的对比分析

成都市2013年1月8日～ 20日期间出现了大范围的连续雾霾天气,环境空气质量持续超标.本文收集了该时间段连续5年的地面气象观测资料及环境空气质量数据,通过统计、对比等方式对其变化规律进行了初步分析,为雾霾的成因分析和大气污染控制提供参考.     

Characteristics of atmospheric single particles during haze periods in a typical urban area of Beijing: A case study in October, 2014

To investigate the composition and possible sources of particles, especially during heavy haze pollution, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during October of 2014, in Beijing. A total of 2,871,431 particles with both positive and negative spectra were collected and characterized in combination with the adaptive resonance theory neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Eight types of particles were classified: dust particles (dust, 8.1%), elemental carbon (EC, 29.0%), organic carbon (OC, 18.0%), EC and OC combined particles (ECOC, 9.5%), Na-K containing particles (NaK, 7.9%), K-containing particles (K, 21.8%), organic nitrogen and potassium containing particles (KCN, 2.3%), and metal-containing particles (metal, 3.6%). Three haze pollution events (P1, P2, P3) and one clean period (clean) were analyzed, based on the mass and number concentration of PM_2.5 and the back trajectory results from the hybrid single particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory model (Hysplit-4 model). Results showed that EC, OC and K were the major components of single particles during the three haze pollution periods, which showed clearly increased ratios compared with those in the clean period. Results from the mixing state of secondary species of different types of particles showed that sulfate and nitrate were more readily mixed with carbon-containing particles during haze pollution episodes than in clean periods.     

土壤盐渍化及其治理措施研究综述

土地是人类赖以生存及其一切社会活动的基本条件。土壤盐渍化是当今世界上土地荒漠化和土地退化的主要类型之一,也是世界性的资源问题和生态问题。土地盐渍化对地区的农业生产和生态环境造成很大影响。因此,较准确的分析土壤盐渍化的空间变异特征及变异尺度,揭示其分布规律来防治区域土壤盐渍化具有重要意义。本文首先提出了盐渍化的相关概念,然后对导致土壤盐渍化的主要因素及其土壤盐渍化的研究目标、研究方法进行全面阐述。结论表明土壤盐渍化的时空变化及其与导致这种变化的驱动力之间的因果反馈关系足够有效地揭示人为和自然因素与土壤盐渍化之间相互作用的内在机制,而且可以此来预测其未来发展趋势。最后在此基础上,提出了防治土壤盐渍化的综合性建议以及土壤盐渍化研究中急待解决的研究课题及其有效的研究手段,从而为进一步拓展和深化土壤盐渍化研究的内容及水平打下了牢固基础。     

乌兰木伦矿辅运上山雾气成因分析及解决措施研究*

为研究神东集团乌兰木伦煤矿1-2煤辅运上山内雾气成因,采用数值模拟方法研究进风温度、湿度、风流量等对巷道气候参数的影响。研究结果表明:不同工况下巷道内空气温度均趋近于围岩温度;冬季工况沿巷道走向相对湿度先增加后减小,随进风温度的升高巷道内相对湿度变化幅度减小;夏季工况巷道内相对湿度增加后趋于稳定,随进风相对湿度的升高而升高;巷道内相对湿度随进风速度的增加略有减小。1-2辅运上山起雾是由于风流从进风井至巷道距离过长,造成风流大量吸湿,当风流在1-2辅运上山上行时风流温度降低,风流中携带的水蒸气析出,出现雾气;通过在风路分支设置风窗,风流方向由上行改为下行,可有效解决巷道起雾现象。     

Study of aerosol characteristics and sources using MAX-DOAS measurement during haze at an urban site in the Fenwei Plain

Atmospheric aerosols have effects on atmospheric radiation assessments, global climate change, local air quality and visibility. In particular, aerosols are more likely transformed and accumulated in winter. In this paper, we used the Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instrument to study the characteristics of aerosol type and contributions of PM_2.5 chemical components to aerosol extinction (AE), vertical distribution of aerosols, and source. From December 30, 2018 to January 27, 2019, we conducted MAX-DOAS observations on Sanmenxia. The proportion of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ was 69.48%–95.39%, indicating that the aerosol particles were mainly fine particles. By analyzing the ion data and modifying Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) method, we found that nitrate was the largest contributor to AE, accounting for 31.51%, 28.98%, and 27.95% of AE on heavily polluted, polluted, and clean days, respectively. NH₄⁺, OC, and SO₄^2? were also major contributors to AE. The near-surface aerosol extinction retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurement the PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations measured by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) have the same trend in vertical distribution. AE increased about 3 times from surface to 500 m. With the backward trajectory of the air mass during the haze, we also found that the continuous heavy pollution was mainly caused by transport of polluted air from the northeast, then followed by local industrial emissions and other sources of emissions under continuous and steady weather conditions.     

中国土地沙漠化、水土流失和盐渍化的原因和驱动力:总体分析

论文收集了102篇沙漠化、79篇水土流失和64篇盐渍化的案例研究(共245篇),运用总体分析方法,把造成3种生态环境问题的因素归结为四类原因(农业扩张、资源利用、基础设施建设和自然因素)和五类驱动因子(经济、制度、技术、文化和人口)。分析结果表明,生态环境问题绝大多数由多因子所引起;在原因层面上,对沙漠化、水土流失和盐渍化案例影响最频繁的因子分别是农业扩张因子(92%)、资源利用因子(90%)和自然因素(86%);从驱动因子的层面上看,对沙漠化、水土流失和盐渍化案例影响最频繁的都是经济因素,影响频率分别为86%、81%和89%;总体来看,在发生生态环境问题的区域中,往往以经济因素的影响最为常见(85%),其次为技术(69%)和人口因素(62%)。因此,不适当地发展经济是造成我国沙漠化、水土流失和盐渍化日益严重的重要原因。     

成都地区特定灰霾天气过程与成因分析

针对2012年8月26～30日成都地区出现的灰霾天气,对当时的气象条件和污染物之间的联系进行了分析。结果表明：此次灰霾天气是由两次小的污染过程组合而成的,一次是26日、27日因气象原因和常规的内源性污染造成的,另一次是28—30日因中元节祭祖烧纸而造成的。     

小凌河（锦州段）工业废水COD污染状况调查与分析

通过对小凌河（锦州段）流域工业污染源调查,寻找小凌河水质COD污染的根源,提出了控制污染的措施,对改善小凌河水环境质量,确保人民生活、生产用水安全具有十分重要的意义。     

重庆臭氧时空分布特征及其污染成因的初步分析

近年,臭氧(O₃)正逐渐取代PM_2.5成为中国首要大气污染物.因此,研究O₃的时空分布特征及污染成因对于空气污染治理与管控具有重要价值.重庆复杂的地形造成该地区O₃的污染成因具有很大的不确定性.采用2013—2020年重庆市主城区环境监测站O₃、PM_2.5、NO₂逐小时监测数据和国家气象站观测资料,分析了O₃的时空分布特征,并探究其与复杂地形、前体物、气象要素及PM_2.5的关系.结果表明:①2013—2020年臭氧日最大8 h平均浓度的第90百分位值年际变化总体呈现先减后增的趋势.发生臭氧污染月份数量增加,臭氧污染开始月份从6月提前到4月.②2019年重庆臭氧中度和重度(中重度)污染天数最多,为6 d.2013—2015年中重度污染频率由1.09%减少至0.27%,到2019年增加至1.64%,2020年降至0.81%.③重庆中重度污染期间,O₃的空间分布受山谷风环流与城市热岛效应的共同影响.白天城区站点O₃浓度高于山区站点O₃浓度,夜间山区站点O₃浓度高于城区站点O₃浓度.④城区站点的O₃与NO₂浓度呈现显著负相关,山区站点O₃与NO₂浓度的相关系数为负值,但相关性不显著.⑤重庆大部分O₃中重度污染由局地污染主导,在非高温或者高湿的情况下同样可能发生臭氧中重度污染.臭氧中重度污染发生时,风向多为西-北风.O₃浓度与气温和风速呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关.⑥重庆O₃-PM_2.5相关性城区与山区表现不一致,城区南坪站O₃-PM_2.5在暖季呈正相关关系,冷季相关性有正有负,山区缙云山站O₃-PM_2.5在暖季和冷季都呈正相关关系.