雾霾天气的成因分析与防治对策研究

近年来,雾霾天气成了中国经济发达地区冬季常见的天气现象,给人们的生活带来诸多不便,严重影响着人们的身体健康.通过对雾霾天气时空气成分的研究以及雾霾天气形成原因的分析,可知雾霾的主要成分有硫氧化物、氮氧化物和悬浮在空气中的颗粒物.雾霾的成因不仅仅是人为的因素,它还与自然因素有关.另外针对雾霾的特点列出了一些雾霾天人体的防护措施和治理雾霾的一些方法.希望可以给现已生活在雾霾天气下,且深受雾霾迫害的人们带来一点儿帮助.同时能够起到警醒环保意识差的人来共同治理和防治雾霾.     

中国洪水灾害风险区划及其成因分析

洪水灾害风险区划是洪水风险管理的基本依据.长期以来,受数据收集以及分辨率的影响,中国一直缺乏可以指导相关部门进行洪水风险控制及洪水保险的洪灾风险区划.本文利用地理信息系统软件的空间分析模块,基于高分辨率（90m）的全国降雨、地形坡度、河流湖泊缓冲区、人均GDP、人口密度、道路密度和耕地密度等影响水灾发生的风险因子图,采用水灾成因分析法和经验系数法,得到洪水的潜在危险区和经济易损区,进而得到中国洪水灾害风险区划.在此基础上,采用逐步回归法,逐步剔除各影响因子后,对引发洪灾的主要外在驱动力进行了分析.     

湖南省农村城市化问题成因及对策研究

农村城镇化是经济现代化进程的大势所趋．是湖南建设全面小康社会的必然选择。农村城镇化不仅有利于湖南解决好“三农”问题,而且有利于促进湖南农村经济的快速、健康发展.目前湖南农村城镇化存在水平偏低、分布不平衡、数量增长超过规模的扩张和质量的提升等问题。主要原因在于长期的政策制约、规划滞后性、建设随意性、建设资金不足、建设管理不到位以及基础设施建设落后等,本文根据产业集聚理论．客观地分析制约农村城镇化水平的原因．从而有针对性地提出了提高湖南农村城镇化的基本对策。     

赣州高级技工学校滑坡成因分析及稳定性评价

本文从地形地貌、岩性、降水等方面综合分析了赣州高级技工学校滑坡的成因,并通过定量计算,分析了滑坡在天然及饱和状态下的稳定性,提出了滑坡的治理方案。     

Observation of chemical components of PM2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosol formation during haze and sandy haze days in Zhengzhou, China

Mineral dust particles play an important role in the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, which largely contribute to haze pollution in China.During this study, a haze episode(haze days) and a typical haze process mixed with sandstorm(sandy haze days)were observed in Zhengzhou with a series of high-time-resolution monitoring instruments from November 22 to December 8, 2018.Concentrations of PM_(10) and crustal elements clearly increased in the sandy haze days.Concentrations of gaseous pollutants, metallic elements emitted from anthropogenic sources, nitrate, and ammonium during sandy haze days were slightly lower than those during the haze days but still obviously higher than those during the non-haze days.The sulfate concentrations, the sulfate fractions in PM_(2.5),and the sulfur oxidation ratios significantly increased in the sandy haze days.Heterogeneous reactions dominated the conversion of SO_2 during the haze and sandy haze days.Enhanced SO_2 conversion during the sandy haze days may be attributed to the high concentrations of transition metal ions from the sandstorm when the values of relative humidity(RH) were in 30%–70%, and high O_3 at certain time points.Gas-phase NO_2 oxidation reactions were the main pathways for nitrate formation.In the sandy haze days,higher nitrogen oxidation ratio(NOR) at daytime may be associated with higher RH and lower temperature than those in the haze days, which facilitate the gas-to-particle partitioning of nitrate; higher NOR values at night may be attributed to the higher O_3 concentrations, which promoted the formation of N_2O_5.     

基于STAMP模型的丰城坍塌事故原因分析

为了系统地分析建筑施工事故原因、有效预防同类事故,运用STAMP模型从控制角度详细分析了一起特别重大坍塌事故,分别从物理过程及环境因素、基层操作原因以及管理层原因3方面分析了导致事故的控制缺陷,并且根据分析结果,提出事故控制措施及建议。结果表明:STAMP模型不仅可以分析各个层级的原因,还可以找出层级之间以及层级内不同组织之间的交互影响原因;建设方、施工方、监理方以及承包方对项目管理内容交叉与重叠,且沟通与协调缺失是导致错误决策和不恰当控制动作产生的主要因素;基层不安全控制动作直接导致事故发生,但取决于管理因素,管理层的原因是预防同类事故的重点。     

Spatial and temporal variation of haze in China from 1961 to 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the climatic characteristics and long-term spatial and temporal variations of haze occurrence in China. The impact factors of haze trends are also discussed. Meteorological data from 1961 to 2012 and daily PM₁₀ concentrations from 2003 to 2012 were employed in this study. The results indicate that the annual-average hazy days at all stations have been increasing rapidly from 4 days in 1961 to 18 days in 2012. The maximum number of haze days occur in winter (41.1%) while the minimum occur in summer (10.4%). During 1961-2012, the high occurrence areas of haze shifted from central to south and east regions of China. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) region, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan Province are the high occurrence areas for haze, while the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) have become regions with high haze occurrences in the last 25 years. Temperature and pressure are positively correlated with the number of haze days. However, wind, relative humidity, precipitation, and sunshine duration are negatively correlated with the number of haze days. The key meteorological factors affecting the formation and dissipation of haze vary for high and low altitudes, and are closely related to anthropogenic activities. In recent years, anthropogenic activities have played a more important role in haze occurrences compared with meteorological factors.     

浅析西吉县党家岔震湖形成原因及其对社会生活影响

现存于宁夏回族自治区固原市西吉县内、以党家岔震湖为代表的43个串珠状堰塞湖是由1920年海原大地震诱发而成。试图从土壤地貌、地形地势和水文河流三个方面对西吉县党家岔震湖形成原因予以分析,借此探究引发地震堰湖所必要的自然条件因素;另外结合史实情况,以居住方式、精神文化和经济发展三个角度来进一步揭示震湖"由无到有"这一自然环境变迁过程对当地社会生活所产生的影响,进而有益于对相关区域未来发展前景给予指导。     

深圳市近年来酸性降水特征及其成因分析研究

通过研究深圳市2006年-2012年的酸雨时空分布、降水的化学组成及其成因分析,结果表明,深圳市降水pH值的范围在3.18~8.73之间,平均值为5.36,属于酸雨污染较为严重的地区。深圳市在2006年-2012年间,降水的pH值有逐步下降的趋势,深圳市春夏季降水酸化程度较低,秋冬季酸化程度较高,主要与降水量直接相关。通过对降水的化学组分进行分析发现,深圳市酸雨类型硫酸和硝酸混合型,硫酸根和硝酸根对降雨中的pH值影响较大,雨水中的硫酸根和硝酸根主要来自工业和交通污染。     

2013年1月邯郸市严重霾天气的污染特征分析

利用河北工程大学大气环境监测站点的PM₁₀、PM_2.5、SO₂和NO_x在线监测数据,并结合能见度、湿度数据,对邯郸市2012年12月1日到2013年1月31日的大气污染状况进行分析,特别是2013年1月持续发生的霾天气,以探讨严重霾污染的过程特征.结果表明,2013年1月,SO₂与NO_x的平均浓度分别为225.3 μg·m^-3和217.8 μg·m^-3,PM₁₀和PM_2.5的平均浓度分别为328.5 μg·m^-3和229.4 μg·m^-3,均超过新颁布的环境空气质量标准,是2012年12月平均浓度的1.4~3.5倍.重污染过程分析结果显示,污染峰值附近几天内PM₁₀、PM_2.5的时均浓度变化无明显规律.累积阶段的PM_2.5/PM₁₀在0.42~0.52之间,峰值前后上升并超过0.70,扩散阶段PM_2.5/PM₁₀降到0.70以下,且呈波动式变化.当PM_2.5/PM₁₀小于0.40时,能见度基本位于2~18 km之间;当PM_2.5/PM₁₀在0.40~0.60之间时,能见度在0.7~8 km之间;当PM_2.5/PM₁₀大于0.60时,能见度分布于2 km以下.