2010—2018年西安市大气污染物变化特征分析

日益严重的大气污染问题不仅对西安市的城市形象,还对人们的身体健康造成危害。对西安市13个国控环境空气质量自动监测站6类污染物的数据进行时空变化特征分析,对各污染物的相关性进行分析,并探讨大气污染原因,结果表明：2010—2018年SO₂浓度显著降低,PM₁₀和NO₂年均浓度总体并未呈现下降趋势,2013—2018年PM_2.5浓度变化趋势与PM₁₀浓度变化趋势相同,二者污染情况均较严重,CO浓度呈减小趋势,2013—2016年O₃的污染状况有恶化趋势;第二、三产业增加值的大幅上升所反映的工业、旅游业、交通运输、餐饮业的大规模发展,对西安空气质量有较大影响;SO₂的工业减排对大气SO₂浓度水平下降效果明显,但NO_x和烟（粉）尘排放量的下降却没有反映在大气NO₂和颗粒物浓度下降上。说明大气NO₂来源除了工业来源外,还有其他重要来源（如：机动车排放、天然气燃烧产物）,同时也反映了大气颗粒物来源的复杂,单纯依靠降低烟（粉）尘排放量无法有效降低颗粒物浓度。高增速的机动车保有量和能源消费结构均对西安市大气污染问题有重要影响。     

长江流域总磷污染:分布特征·来源解析·控制对策

针对长江流域总磷污染,开展总磷污染时空特征分析,选择长江流域总磷污染最严重的上游地区岷江和沱江为典型区,分析总磷来源,提出总磷污染控制对策.研究表明:2016年开始总磷成为长江流域主要污染因子,其中上游污染最重,中游污染最轻,总体呈降低趋势;长江流域枯/平水期总磷污染较重,丰水期污染较轻,说明流域主要污染负荷来自点源.总体来说,造成长江流域总磷较高的原因有:磷矿开采和磷化工的污染源高负荷排放,造成部分河段水质严重超标;基础设施建设滞后,城镇生活污染源排放影响河流水质;畜禽养殖废物资源化利用不足;生态流量不足,加剧水污染问题;水污染治理导向不全面和污染源监管措施不系统,影响总磷水质同步改善.针对长江流域总磷污染特征,按照"分区控制、分类治理""突出重点、精准施策"原则,提出长江流域总磷污染控制建议:①抓住长江流域上游重点片区,开展流域总磷污染整治. ②抓住磷化工、城镇生活和畜禽养殖等三类涉磷重点污染源的治理,控制磷污染负荷排放. ③抓住环境监管有效手段,进一步完善水环境标准和监管体系.      

Global process safety incidents in the pharmaceutical industry

The objective of this research is to analyse global process safety incidents within the pharmaceutical industry in terms of their consequences and factors contributing to the incidents. There were 73 process safety incidents leading to 108 fatalities found between 1985 and 2019. Trends between the number of incidents, number of fatalities, location, and contributing factors were identified and summarized. The most reported fatalities occurred in 2018 & 2019. 83% of fatalities occurred in China and India. Explosions were associated with 71% of incidents, which resulted in 89% of fatalities. For most of the international incidents, incident investigations were not available and thus insufficient details were available to determine the causes. Contributing factors were available or estimated from available data for about half of the incidents, with the following most common: hazard awareness & identification; operating procedures; design; safeguards, controls & layers of protection; safety culture; and preventive maintenance. These findings can be used as a basis to improve process safety performance in the pharmaceutical industry.     

我国两省份安全生产人才资源现状和问题及其原因探析

选取我国东部和中部两省份安全生产监管监察机构、企业和安全生产专业服务机构的安全生产人才为调研对象,通过发放调查表、集中座谈和资料收集,对两省份安全生产人才现状进行调研.根据统计结果,对两省份安全生产监管监察人才、企业安全生产管理人才、安全生产专业服务人才的数量、受教育程度和行业分布情况等进行量化比对分析.结合现场调研座谈情况,从人才数量、培养机制、保障措施等方面对两省份安全生产人才建设存在的主要问题及其原因进行了深入探讨,以期为我国安全生产人才政策措施的完善提供现实依据.     

Particle number concentration, size distribution and chemical composition during haze and photochemical smog episodes in Shanghai

The aerosol number concentration and size distribution as well as size-resolved particle chemical composition were measured during haze and photochemical smog episodes in Shanghai in 2009. The number of haze days accounted for 43%, of which 30% was severe （visibility 〈 2 km） and moderate （2 km 〈 visibility 〈 3 km） haze, mainly distributed in winter and spring. The mean particle number concentration was about 17,000/cm3 in haze, more than 2 times that in clean days. The greatest increase of particle number concentration was in 0.5-1μm and 1-10 μm size fractions during haze events, about 17.78 times and 8.78 times those of clean days. The largest increase of particle number concentration was within 50-100 nm and 100-200 nm fractions during photochemical smog episodes, about 5.89 times and 4.29 times those of clean days. The particle volume concentration and surface concentration in haze, photochemical smog and clean days were 102, 49, 15 μm3/cm3 and 949, 649, 206 μm2/cm3, respectively. As haze events got more severe, the number concentration of particles smaller than 50 nm decreased, but the particles of 50-200 nm and 0.5-1μm increased. The diurnal variation of particle number concentration showed a bimodal pattern in haze days. All soluble ions were increased during haze events, of which NH4, SO24- and NO3 increased great/y, followed by Na＋, IC, Ca2＋ and CI-. These ions were very different in size-resolved particles during haze and photochemical smog episodes.     

Method for evaluating learning from incidents using the idea of “level of learning”

Learning from incidents is considered a very important source for learning and improving safety in the process industries. However, the effectiveness of learning from reported incidents can often be questioned. Therefore, there is a need to be able to evaluate the effectiveness of learning from incidents, and for that purpose we need methods and tools. In this paper, a method is described for evaluating the effectiveness of learning, based on the idea of “level of learning” of the lessons learned. The level of learning is expressed in terms of how broadly the lesson learned is applied geographically, how much organizational learning is involved and how long-lasting the effect of learning is. In the 6-step method, the incidents reported in a typical incident learning system are evaluated both for the actual and the potential level of learning in a semi-quantitative way with different tools. The method was applied in six process industries on a large number of incidents. The method was found to be very useful and to give insights of aspects that influence the learning from incidents.     

影响农民工职业安全健康需求的自身因素分析

农民工群体为国家经济发展做出了重要贡献,但其职业安全健康状况却令人担忧。通过文献整理发现,农民工自身职业安全需求低是造成这种现象的重要原因之一。从农民工自身角度来分析,来自以下四方面的原因共同制约着农民工对职业安全的需求：（1）农民工知识结构欠缺、工作年限普遍较短、缺乏对职业安全的认知意识,影响农民工对职业危害的认知;（2）来自家庭的增收压力和降低寻找工作的间接成本的要求造成了目前农民工经济压力大的状况;（3）自身技能水平较弱以及缺乏对就业信息的分析能力,削弱了他们的就业竞争力;（4）农民工群体之间缺乏沟通信任以及长期的低社会地位限制了他们的谈判能力。以上四方面原因相互作用,产生效力叠加,共同导致了目前农民工职业安全需求不足的状况。     

北京灰霾天气PM10中微量元素的分布特征

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对北京市2008年4月和5月不同采样点采集的灰霾天PM₁₀样品中的15种微量元素进行了分析,得出了Ti、Fe、Zn、Sn、Pb为全样样品中相对含量较高元素;Ti、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb是水溶样样品中相对含量较高元素。与晴天相比,灰霾天样品中微量元素可溶性增强,对人体危害更严重。与2002年分析数据进行对比,因2002年缺少Cr、Cd元素的测试值,全样样品中除了Co、Ni、Cu、Mo元素外,其余测试元素的浓度均有不同程度的升高,Fe和Sn元素的增幅最大。水溶样品中,参与对比元素的含量均下降。文中对含量相对较高的Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Cd、Sn和Pb元素进行了源解析,分析得出采样点附近的交通源及地面扬尘是这些元素的主要来源。     

广西全州县广坑漕山体滑坡成因分析

通过对广西全州县广坑漕滑坡现场勘查,结合气象观测资料综合分析,表明广坑漕山体滑坡的主要原因是:①地质环境受人为工程破坏,山体两侧有新旧采石场存在;②滑坡点是迎风坡地形,有利强降水发生;③滑坡前当地长时间降水少,干旱导致土质疏松,后期天气转折,出现持续降水,土壤经浸泡迅速软化;④南亚季风急流突发性增大,在桂北喇叭口地形迎风坡产生剧烈上升运动,并与高空槽过境相遇造成对流性暴雨,水压力及山体自重量同时增大,导致坡体突然失稳,引发滑坡。     

环境群体性事件的成因分析——基于对十起典型环境群体性事件的研究

通过对近5年来10起典型的环境群体性事件进行分析,旨在发现不同阶段引发环境群体性事件的原因,从而预防和解决环境群体性事件的发生,为人们营造一个和谐稳定的生活和工作环境。