阜康大气气溶胶中水溶性无机离子粒径分布特征研究

为了解阜康大气气溶胶中水溶性无机离子的浓度水平、来源以及粒径分布,本研究于2011年2月~2012年2月利用8级惯性撞击式分级采样器采集了阜康大气气溶胶样品,使用离子色谱测定了其中水溶性无机离子含量.分析比较了非采暖期和采暖期主要离子的变化趋势、浓度水平、构成、来源以及粒径分布,在此基础上选取特殊采样日分析了重污染、秸秆燃烧以及春耕期的离子组成以及粒径分布的差异.结果表明,阜康细粒子、粗粒子中总水溶性无机离子(TWSI)在非采暖期和采暖期的浓度分别为11.17、12.68μg·m-3和35.98、22.22μg·m-3;非采暖期的SO2-4主要来自盐碱土扬尘,NO-3和NH+4主要来自农田土壤扬尘,而采暖期的SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4主要来自煤炭等化石燃料燃烧.8种离子在非采暖期和采暖期均呈现双峰分布,相对于非采暖期,采暖期的SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4在细粒径段的峰值发生了粒径增长,SO2-4和NH+4在粗粒径段的峰值出现在3.3~4.7μm处.重污染期间二次污染严重,离子主要分布在1.1~2.1μm处;秸秆燃烧期受生物质燃烧影响大,离子主要分布在<0.65μm粒径段;春耕期土壤扬尘较多,离子主要分布在>3.3μm粒径段.     

Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility < l0 km and RH (relative humidity) < 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA (secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and SOA were 49.8 (± 31.6), 31.4 (± 22.3), 25.8 (± 16.6) and 8.9 (± 4.1) μg/m³, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM₁₀ during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM₁₀ rose to about 27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM₁₀ mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO₂ to SO₄^2 − and NO₂ to NO₃⁻, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.     

Chemical characterization of size-resolved aerosols in four seasons and hazy days in the megacity Beijing of China

Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM₁₀ and PM_1.8 mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m³, respectively, throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM_1.8/PM₁₀ ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM (organic matter = 1.6 × OC (organic carbon)) and SIA (secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca^2 + were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA (secondary organic aerosol) and SIA, accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, CaSO₄, Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons.     

基于草地畜牧业生产的三江源地区承载力多情景模拟分析

三江源地区是我国生态安全的重要屏障,同时也是我国最主要的畜牧业生产基地之一,在保证草地资源可持续利用前提下,探究合理的人口容量对该区的生态保护建设和可持续发展具有重要意义。通过模型模拟草地理论载畜量以估算畜牧业产值,设定三种居民生活水平情景,模拟不同情景不同时期下的适度人口容量,分析人口承载力的空间差异性。结果表明：“十五”期间,三种情景下全区人口承载力呈富余状态;“十一五”和“十二五”期间在当前居民和小康水平情景的人口容量尚有结余;到“十三五”期间,三种情景下人口承载力总体均超载,但空间分布不同,在当前居民、小康和富裕生活水平情景下,分别有11个、8个和2个县的人口容量尚有结余,人口承载力超载地区主要分布于三江源地区东部。应根据现有资源分布和符合主体功能要求的方向进行调整和优化人口结构,将对该地区可持续发展战略具有重要意义。     

Assessment on Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality of Phreatic Aquifers – a River Basin System

Spatial distribution of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), fluoride and total iron content of ground water samples collected from the muvattupuzha river basin, Kerala, India, has been studied for pre monsoon and post monsoon periods of year 2001. Results showed the groundwater of the basin is acidic for which the pH values ranged between 5.5 and 8.0. Average EC was found to be less than 100 μS/cm, for most of the study region. The pre monsoon minimum and maximum TDS were found as 25.6 and 227.84 mg/L respectively, where as post monsoon values ranged between 16 and 162.56 mg/L. The relatively low EC and TDS values found both during the seasons in the lateritic terrain of the river basin signifies the lower residence time of ground water with the country rock. This makes the groundwater quality of this river basin as good. Pre monsoon season samples showed high total iron content than that during the post monsoon period. During the study period values of the fluoride contents were found to be within the permissible limits.     

北京灰霾天气PM10中微量元素的分布特征

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对北京市2008年4月和5月不同采样点采集的灰霾天PM₁₀样品中的15种微量元素进行了分析,得出了Ti、Fe、Zn、Sn、Pb为全样样品中相对含量较高元素;Ti、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb是水溶样样品中相对含量较高元素。与晴天相比,灰霾天样品中微量元素可溶性增强,对人体危害更严重。与2002年分析数据进行对比,因2002年缺少Cr、Cd元素的测试值,全样样品中除了Co、Ni、Cu、Mo元素外,其余测试元素的浓度均有不同程度的升高,Fe和Sn元素的增幅最大。水溶样品中,参与对比元素的含量均下降。文中对含量相对较高的Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Cd、Sn和Pb元素进行了源解析,分析得出采样点附近的交通源及地面扬尘是这些元素的主要来源。     

机动车尾气与雾霾天气

从雾和霾形成的原因以及与机动车尾气的关系等方面的论述,阐述了机动车尾气对人体健康的危害,提出了对机动车尾气的预防、治理办法。     

Evolutionary processes and sources of high-nitrate haze episodes over Beijing, Spring

Rare and consecutive high-nitrate haze pollution episodes were observed in Beijing in spring2012. We present detailed characterization of the sources and evolutionary mechanisms of this haze pollution, and focus on an episode that occurred between 15 and 26 April. Submicron aerosol species were found to be substantially elevated during haze episodes, and nitrates showed the largest increase and occupation(average: 32.2%) in non-refractory submicron particles(NR-PM_1), which did not occur in other seasons as previously reported. The haze episode(HE) was divided into three sub-episodes, HEa, HEb, and HEc. During HEa and HEc, a shallow boundary layer, stagnant meteorological conditions, and high humidity favored the formation of high-nitrate concentrations, which were mainly produced by three different processes —daytime photochemical production, gas-particle partitioning, and nighttime heterogeneous reactions — and the decline in visibility was mainly induced by NR-PM_1.However, unlike HEa and HEc, during HEb, the contribution of high nitrates was partly from the transport of haze from the southeast of Beijing — the transport pathway was observed at ~800–1000 m by aerosol Lidar —and the decline in visibility during HEb was primarily caused by PM_(2.5). Our results provide useful information for air quality improvement strategies in Beijing during Spring.     

我国历史生物地理学研究的开拓者——文焕然先生诞辰100周年祭

文焕然是开拓历史生物地理学的著名历史地理学家。在历史植物地理方面的贡献主要有：（1）论作发表早于中国历史地理学形成;（2）研究兼及群落与学科分类系统,尤对北方竹林与全国性及研究力量薄弱省级政区的森林分布与变迁有较全面、深入的研究;（3）研究方法兼顾自然科学与人文科学,深入实地考察、调查,订正、补充文献中讹传与疏漏,探讨影响因素并提出建议;（4）具有知难而进、厚积薄发、不断扩展与深化等研究特点。对历史动物地理学的贡献主要有：（1）发表论作较早;（2）主要涉及爬行纲、鸟纲、兽纲中多珍稀物种研究;（3）成果可作为生态环境变化代用指标、古脊椎动物与现代动物及相关学科领域研究参考、森林与竹林分布佐证,历久弥坚,得到国外学者重视。     

杨粮复合系统内生态因子的变化及对小麦产量的影响

通过对徐淮平原杨粮复合系统内不同物候期生态因子的变化规律研究发现，在杨树展叶期，不同株行距生态因子变化不明显，能满足小麦生长需要；在杨树展叶后，从全叶期到盛叶期，不同株行距生态因子变化有明显差异，并对小麦生长有一定影响。同时探讨了不同复合模式小麦产量的高低，从小麦产量的高低得出最佳的复合模式。