职业安全卫生管理体系(OHSMS)第一讲 OHSMS的起源

职业安全卫生管理体系(简称OHSMS),是完善企业职业安全卫生管理,保证企业职业安全卫生绩效持续改进的科学管理模式。国家经贸委1999年10月发布了《职业安全卫生管理试行标准》后,如何实施和建立职业安全卫生管理体系受到社会和企业的普遍重视与关注。 本系列讲座主要论述：OHSMS的起源、发展与意义;OHSMS的基本概念与理论;OHSMS的基本内容、结构与要素;如何建立和实施OHSMS;如何通过OHSMS的评审和认证等。     

光纤Bragg光栅传感器实现斜拉桥索力实时监测的研究

民用工程结构的健康监测 ,日益引起人们的重视 ,光纤传感技术 ,尤其是光纤光栅传感技术 ,因其易构成高性能、低成本的传感器阵列 ,并在结构监测应用工程中 ,具有巨大的潜力。笔者介绍一种斜拉桥索力实时监测的新方法即光纤光栅法。将光纤光栅刚性粘贴于传感头外表面上 ,使传感头承受拉索的索力 ,通过对光纤光栅波长移动量 (Δλb)的解调 ,以测出索力的大小。通过实验结果与理论分析证明 ,该测试系统具有结构简单、测量范围大、稳定性和线性度好等特点 ,该监测系统既可用于斜拉桥施工阶段的索力测定 ,也可以用于在役斜拉桥结构的长期安全监测。     

Combined amendment reduces soil Cd availability and rice Cd accumulation in three consecutive rice planting seasons

The scientific application of stabilized materials has been considered an effective method for the in situ remediation of Cd-contaminated soil. This study aimed to investigate the persistence of the effect of a combined amendment of limestone and sepiolite(LS) on soil Cd availability and accumulation in rice grown in a mildly Cd-contaminated paddy field(0.45 mg/kg of Cd) over three consecutive rice seasons. 1125–4500 kg/ha of LS was applied to the soil before the first rice planting season and 5...     

Unintentional injury deaths in children and youth, 2010–2019

Background: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for children and youth aged 1–19 in the United States. The purpose of this report is to describe how unintentional injury death rates among children and youth aged 0–19 years have changed during 2010–2019. Method: CDC analyzed 2010–2019 data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) to determine two-year average annual number and rate of unintentional injury deaths for children and youth aged 0–19 years by sex, age group, race/ethnicity, mechanism, county urbanization level, and state. Results: From 2010–2011 to 2018–2019, unintentional injury death rates decreased 11% overall—representing over 1,100 fewer annual deaths. However, rates increased among some groups—including an increase in deaths due to suffocation among infants (20%) and increases in motor-vehicle traffic deaths among Black children (9%) and poisoning deaths among Black (37%) and Hispanic (50%) children. In 2018–2019, rates were higher for males than females (11.3 vs. 6.6 per 100,000 population), children aged < 1 and 15–19 years (31.9 and 16.8 per 100,000) than other age groups, among American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN) and Blacks than Whites (19.4 and 12.4 vs. 9.0 per 100,000), motor-vehicle traffic (MVT) than other causes of injury (4.0 per 100,000), and rates increased as rurality increased (6.8 most urban [large central metro] vs. 17.8 most rural [non-core/non-metro] per 100,000). From 2010–2011 to 2018–2019, 49 states plus DC had stable or decreasing unintentional injury death rates; death rates increased only in California (8%)—driven by poisoning deaths. Conclusion and Practical Application: While the overall injury death rates improved, certain subgroups and their caregivers can benefit from focused prevention strategies, including infants and Black, Hispanic, and AIAN children. Focusing effective strategies to reduce suffocation, MVT, and poisoning deaths among those at disproportionate risk could further reduce unintentional injury deaths among children and youth in the next decade.     

Assessment of health benefit of PM2.5 reduction during COVID-19 lockdown in China and separating contributions from anthropogenic emissions and meteorology

The national lockdown policies have drastically disrupted socioeconomic activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in China, which provides a unique opportunity to investigate the air quality response to such anthropogenic disruptions. And it is meaningful to evaluate the potential health impacts of air quality changes during the lockdown, especially for PM_2.5 with adverse health effects. In this study, by using PM_2.5 observations from 1388 monitoring stations nationwide in China, we examine the PM_2.5 variations between the COVID-19 lockdown (February and March in 2020) and the same period in 2015–2019, and find that the national average of PM_2.5 decreases by 18 μg/m³, and mean PM_2.5 for most sites (about 75%) decrease by 30%–60%. The anthropogenic and meteorological contributions to these PM_2.5 variations are also determined by using a stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) model combined with the Kolmogorov–Zurbenko filter. Our results show that the change of anthropogenic emissions is a leading contributor to those widespread PM_2.5 reductions, and meteorological conditions have the negative influence on PM_2.5 reductions for some regions, such as Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH). Additionally, the avoided premature death due to PM_2.5 reduction is estimated as a predicted number based on a log-linear concentration-response function. The total avoided premature death is 9952 in China, with dominant contribution (94%) from anthropogenic emission changes. For BTH, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Hubei regions, the reductions of PM_2.5 are 24.1, 24.3, 13.5 and 29.5 μg/m³, with the avoided premature deaths of 1066, 1963, 454 and 583, respectively.     

A neuro-fuzzy algorithm for assessment of health,safety, environment and ergonomics in a large petrochemical plant

Process plants such as petrochemical units have been continuously trying to improve Health, Safety, Environment and Ergonomics (HSEE) programs. This study proposes an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for assessment of HSEE programs in a petrochemical plant. The proposed neuro-fuzzy approach is applied to a set of operators in the petrochemical unit to show its applicability and superiority. To achieve the objectives of this study, standard questionnaires with respect to HSEE are completed by operators. The average results for each category of HSEE are used as inputs and accomplishment of HSEE programs is used as output for the algorithm. Moreover, this algorithm is used to rank operators performance with respect to HSEE. Finally, the algorithm identifies efficient operators with respect to HSEE. This is the first study that introduces an intelligence algorithm for assessment and improvement of HSEE program in a petrochemical plant.     

室内空气污染与人体健康关系探讨

阐述了室内空气污染的定义、种类、来源，国内外研究现状。分析了燃烧产物、被动吸烟，VOC、甲醛，氡及其子体，室内微生物对人体健康的危害。探讨了白血病、“大楼综合症”与室内空气污染的关系。指出由于我国建筑装修（饰）行业管理不到位，法律，法规不健全，建材质量在整体上落后，未能与经济的高速发展同步。且存在严重的地方保护和有法不依，执法不严的现象，使得室内空气污染问题突出，对人体健康造成了很大的危害。提出了严格我国室内空气质量标准的建议。     

Health benefits due to reductions of CO levels

A method is presented by which an upper limit of the adverse health effect of existing ambient CO concentrations on the U. S. population can be estimated. The method is based upon estimating the primary human physiological response to CO concentrations (COHb%) for the population in terms of person-hour-COHb>1.5% resulting from the time exposure of the population to CO concentrations in excess of the federally designated ambient air quality standard. The estimates of person-hour-COHb>1.5% are for exposures only to ambient CO concentrations and do not take into account the additional CO exposure for people who smoke or have occupational exposures.We estimate that there were up to 30.9×10⁹ person-hour-COHb>1.5% in 1973 due to ambient concentrations in excess of the ambient 8-hour CO standard, with approximately 5×10⁹ person-hour-COHb>1.5% occurring West of the Continental Divide and 25.9>10⁹ person-hour-COHb>1.5% occuring East of the Continental Divide; of these 21.3×10⁹ personhour-COHb>1.5% occurred in New York City. It was also estimated that a 60% reduction in 1973 ambient concentrations of CO (corresponding to an automotive emmision standard of less than 15 g/mile) would be needed to reduce to zero the person-hour-COHb>1.5%. The maximum estimated effects on the U.S. population of increases in ambient CO concentration above 1973 levels are also presented.     

我国公共场所卫生监督监测中存在的主要问题与对策分析

公共场所的卫生状况自非典型性肺炎的爆发以来，受到人们的普遍关注。而提高公共场所的卫生质量还应依赖于对公共场所的卫生监督。该文通过文献复习与现场定性调查对我国公共场所卫生监督监测存在的主要问题作综合分析，并提出对策建议。以期使公共场所的卫生监督工作更有成效。     

Geographic information systems within the national health service: the scope for implementation

The paper starts by assessing some of the needs for information management within the health service in Great Britain. Geographic Information Systems are introduced, and some of the functions such as database management, networking and overlying are described. Principally, it is argued that GIS can fill the role as a health information system, resource management system, and has the potential to assist in family practitioner monitoring and epidemiological studies.