人工增雨（雪）效果评估方法探索

人工增雨（雪）常用的评估方法为统计检验和物理检验,统计检验需要大量试验样本,且随机化试验在我国难以实现,大量样本无从获得。物理检验目前主要是雷达观测演变状况和飞机直接观测云内微物理参数,由于技术和能力有限,这些方法都难以实现。为了在人工影响天气作业后尽快得出评估结果供政府及环境保护等部门参考,利用雨滴谱记录数据对一次人工增雪作业后的效果进行了评估,发现这些数据在没有常规降雪记录情况下具有一定的参考价值。从评估结果看,人工增雪作业后,降水强度有明显增大的趋势。     

A review of Australian approaches for monitoring,assessing and reporting estuarine condition: III. Evaluation against international best practice and recommendations for the future

In this final component of a three-part review, we present a national synthesis and evaluation of approaches for monitoring, assessing and reporting estuarine condition across Australia. Progress is evaluated against objective criteria that together provide a model of international best practice. We critically assess the limitations, inconsistencies and gaps that are evident across Australian jurisdictions, and identify common obstacles to future progress. Major strengths and successes are also highlighted, together with specific examples of best practice from around Australia that are transferable to other States and beyond. Significant obstacles to greater national coordination of monitoring and reporting practices include inconsistent spatial scales of management, pluralistic governance structures and the lack of any overarching legislation. Nonetheless, many perceptible advances have been made over the last decade across Australia in estuarine monitoring and health assessment, and there is great potential for further progress. Finally, we provide a list of recommendations to address some of the most pressing limitations and gaps, and support improved future monitoring, assessment and reporting for Australian estuaries.     

珠江上游少数民族县域经济活动的累积环境效应研究--以贵州三都水族自治县为例

为了探索珠江上游少数民族区域经济活动的累积环境效应与生态安全，我们选择三都水族自治县作为定位研究基地．对建国以来区域内经济活动变迁进行历史、现状研究和综合评估，揭示历史时期发展政策、发展模式、重大经济活动等人为扰动因素在区域生态环境系统退化过程中的作用．评估少数民族经济活动的累积环境效应与生态安全。     

Inhibitory effect of nitrobenzene on oxygen demand in lake sediments

Nitrobenzene is an important raw material and product,which presents a heavy threat to the ecosystem.The potential impacts of nitrobenzene on sediment oxygen demand (SOD) were studied in lake sediment ...     

Effect of CeO2 and Al2O3 on the activity of Pd/Co_3O_4/cordierite catalyst in the three-way catalysis reactions (CO/NO/CnHm)

The present article studies the effect of CeO₂ and Al₂O₃ on the activity of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite catalyst in conversion of NO, CO, C_nH_m. The catalysts were characterized by temperature programmed reduction with hydrogen, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the effect of CeO₂ on the properties of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite catalyst depends on preparation method. The catalyst obtained by co-deposition of cerium and cobalt oxides has higher activity in CO oxidation (CO + O₂ and CO + NO) and total hexane oxidation (C₆H₁₄ + O₂). Such phenomenon is probably caused by more than stoichiometric amount of formed oxygen vacancies, an increase in both mobility of surface oxygen and dispersity of components in the catalytic composition. It is demonstrated that CeO₂ addition promotes the SO₂ resistance of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite. The second support decreases the activity of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite catalyst in the reactions of CO and C₆H₁₄ with oxygen because of CoAl₂O₄ formation.     

VOCs气体在活性炭上的二元吸附过程研究

采用穿透曲线法研究了4种VOCs在活性炭上的的二元吸附过程。研究表明:对于甲苯-苯、甲苯-丙酮、甲苯-乙酸乙酯、苯-丙酮、丙酮-乙酸乙酯二元吸附体系,吸附过程存在置换作用,即随着高沸点组分在床层内吸附量的逐渐增加,相对挥发性大的低沸点组分重新汽化而脱附,出现高沸点组分置换低沸点组分的现象,表现为被置换组分的穿透曲线上出现峰值。之后随着高沸点组分吸附趋于饱和,置换作用停止,低沸点组分吸附也趋于平衡。但对于沸点相近的苯-乙酸乙酯二元体系,吸附过程没有明显的置换现象。吸附量的计算结果表明,有机物在二元体系中的吸附量较同等条件时的单组分吸附量均有不同程度的降低,其中被置换组分降低程度较大,但总吸附量可近似按照浓度为二元组分总浓度低沸点组分的平衡吸附量的近似法计算,平均误差为7.9%。     

CF8611/AC531复合材料的实验室加速老化行为研究

目的获得CFRP的老化行为规律,研究紫外辐照、温度和湿度等环境因素的影响,方法以湿热效应和光氧老化的等量、等效损伤为原则,确定实验室加速老化环境谱编制方法。以CF8611/AC531复合材料为对象,依据确定的加速老化试验方案,开展加速老化试验,观察其微观形貌,并测量开路电位和动电位极化曲线。结果老化前,CFRP表面完整无裂纹,碳纤维/树脂界面结合良好;老化后,树脂基体出现裂纹和孔洞,同时界面遭到破坏。极化曲线随着老化时间的增长会向右下方移动,自腐蚀电位微降,幅度为0.0326 V,自腐蚀电流密度增长了近1621倍。结论加速老化导致表面碳纤维裸露面积不断增大,时间越长,破坏作用越明显,实际使用中应防止其与金属直接接触。     

苯酚对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能长短期影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)污泥,研究了苯酚浓度对ANAMMOX污泥脱氮效能长短期影响.短期结果表明,随着苯酚浓度的增大,氮去除率快速下降.当苯酚浓度大于600 mg·L-1时,NH+4-N的去除率降低到6%以下,TN的去除率只有10%左右.长期实验结果表明,当苯酚浓度小于100 mg·L-1时,NH+4-N的去除率都能达到99%以上,说明低浓度苯酚对ANAMMOX菌有一个驯化的过程.当苯酚浓度高于400 mg·L-1时,NH+4-N的去除率只有23.59%,TN去除率只有50.3%,ANAMMOX污泥抑制明显,与短期结果相同.此时反硝化菌活性明显高于ANAMMOX菌,说明苯酚可作为有机碳源诱发体系中发生反硝化反应,最终导致反硝化菌在体系中占据主导地位.但高浓度(1 000 mg·L-1)苯酚对反硝化菌也具有抑制作用.通过拟合得到苯酚对ANAMMOX半抑制有效浓度(IC50)为71.57 mg·L-1.经过18 d的恢复后,NH+4-N去除率基本恢复,但氮素之间的转化计量式发生了改变,ρ(NH+4-N)去除/ρ(NO-2-N)去除/ρ(NO-3-N)生成为1∶0.86∶0.2.研究结果表明,将苯酚控制在合理范围内可以使反应器达到同步脱氮除酚的效果.     

中水浇灌对土壤重金属污染的影响

城市化的加快,使缺水问题更为普遍,中水用于冲厕和绿地浇灌将是未来的趋势.为研究特殊行业污水处理后用于绿地浇灌对土壤的重金属污染状况,选取以生活污水和实验室污水为水源,一体式氧化沟为处理单元的出水为浇灌用水,以包括阔叶林、灌木和草坪的小区土壤作为研究对象;采集6个样品点0~20 cm深的土壤进行Cr、Mn等8种重金属检测.结果表明,与自来水浇灌土壤对比,中水浇灌土壤的重金属含量没有显著差异;中水浇灌土壤的重金属主要在表层富集,其中铬、镍、铜、锌、铅浓度低于北京市土壤背景值;浇灌土壤中砷和镉存在轻度污染,值得关注.