Microscale Spatial Variation in Forest Litter Phytotoxicity

The spatial variation (within a 100 × 100 m plot) in the pollution of forest litter with heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn), its acidity, and phytotoxicity (measured by the results of the root test using seedlings from a genetically homogeneous sample of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale s.l.) have been estimated. Forest litter has been sampled in three zones differing in the toxic impact of long-term polymetal pollution by emissions from a copper-smelting plant emissions in the Middle Urals. The phytotoxicity variation is maximum in a moderately polluted plot, where both very high and very low pollution levels were observed, which determines a substantially nonlinear dose–effect relationship. The litter phytotoxicity is mainly accounted for by exchangeable forms of metals. Biological testing of samples from the most polluted plot has demonstrated marked antagonism between heavy metals and acidity.     

Occupational risk from static magnetic fields of MRI scanners

The health care staff operating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners are exposed to static magnetic field of significant spatial heterogenity and high level of flux density—usually existing permanently during the shift. The personnel can also be exposed to pulses of magnetic field of high rate of rise/fall, so-called gradient fields, which exist only during examination of patients. The level of workers’ exposure depends both on the type of the magnet and on the ergonomical characteristic of design of the particular MRI scanner. This paper presents the current state of the art on occupational exposure to static magnetic field health effects, gaps in scientific data, MRI workers’ exposure characteristics, research needs, and suggestions for the exposure assessment protocol for future investigations.     

热-力耦合作用对建筑结构火灾安全的影响

结构火灾安全可以避免建筑物在火灾中坍塌.火灾热环境影响建筑结构的响应,传统的标准火灾环境有一定的局限性,不能完全适用于若干真实火灾场景.因此有必要开展真实火灾环境下建筑结构的热-力响应特性研究,发展有效的工程工具来设计经济安全的结构.近来,性能化的结构火灾安全设计评估方法和相应技术发展迅速,该文给出一种综合考虑热-力耦合作用的结构火灾安全设计评估方法及相应流程.首先通过建筑和燃料特性来预测可能的火灾热环境特性,然后再分析构件和结构的热响应和力学响应特性来判定结构是否会失效,以及可以降低热和力影响的预防失效措施.该文通过案例分析将该方法应用于某中庭钢结构屋顶的防火保护,得到经济合理的防火涂层设计,满足有关防火规范的安全等价要求.     

基于尺度效应的灰岩强度研究

通过水口山康家湾矿采集的岩样,利用岩石力学试验机对不同直径和不同高度的灰岩进行了大量的单轴压缩试验,研究了不同高径比岩样的变形和破坏形式。结果表明:岩石高度对岩石强度峰值以前的变形特性没有显著的影响;当直径一定时,随着长度的增大,岩样的破裂形式由复杂的平行破坏变为剪切破坏。同时指出通过增加垫块的刚度可以减小端面的摩擦效应。同时对由于取样造成的岩样强度降低的原因进行了分析。     

2006年促进职业安全与健康框架公约和建议书介绍及相关问题探讨

《2006年促进职业安全与健康框架公约》(C187,2006)和《职业安全与健康框架建议书》(R197,2006)的公布是为了进一步减少全球发生的大量职业性伤病和死亡,保护工人免受因就业而引发的病患和伤害,降低职业性伤病和死亡对劳动生产率和经济与社会发展的负面影响。本文对《公约》及《建议书》的主要内容,包括《公约》中的定义、《公约》制定的目标、国家政策、国家制度、国家计划等进行了详细的介绍和分析,以期继续推广预防性安全健康文化建设。     

哈尔滨市热岛效应与植被的关系——基于RS和GIS的定量研究

利用遥感和地理信息系统技术对Landsat ETM＋热红外遥感数据进行处理，反演和计算了哈尔滨城区的地面亮温和植被指数。通过剖面分析，研究了城区温度场的空间格局与植被盖度的关系；通过多元回归分析，揭示了城区热岛效应同多个指数的相关关系。结果表明：市内的道外区是热岛效应的主要分布区，道里区、香坊区的情况也比较严重；铁路沿线区域是城区主要的热岛效应地带；植被盖度和地面亮温呈反相关关系；植被和水体区域可以缓解城市的热岛效应。通过对市区热岛效应分析，可以监测城市化进程，为城市热环境质量评价和热源调查提供准确、丰富的信息。     

虎耳草乙醇提取物抑菌作用的研究

用不同浓度的虎耳草乙醇提取物对4种细菌、1种酵母菌和1种霉菌进行抑菌实验。结果表明，虎耳草乙醇提取挚对手黄色葡萄球菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌等4种细菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为0.9·（12ml）^-1,1.1·（12ml）^-1、2．3·（12ml）^-1和1．7g·（12ml）^-1。培养基，提取物对产黄青霉和啤酒酵母的生长无明显抑制作用。     

How Well Does Brazil's Environmental Law Work in Practice? Environmental Impact Assessment and the Case of the Itapiranga Private Sustainable Logging Plan

/ The Itapiranga Sustainable Logging Plan provides an example of how Brazil's licensing system functions for logging companies in the state of Amazonas. Two questions need to be dealt with: "How sustainable can logging in the Amazon be?" and "What and how effective are existing legal mechanisms to deal with logging projects?" The environmental impact assessment (EIA) and environmental impact statement (EIS, known as the RIMA in Brazil), present relatively detailed accounts of biodiversity and the need to adopt conservation strategies to protect it. However, social and health impacts are only superficially addressed. The economic sustainability of the operation over multiple cycles is not demonstrated. The multidisciplinary teams responsible for the EIA and EIS (RIMA) reports are hired by the project proponent, an arrangement inherently carrying the risk of biasing the result. Logging reduces biodiversity, releases greenhouse gases and inflicts social and health costs. These impacts reduce the ability of Amazonian forests to provide environmental services and to supply food and livelihood security to local populations. The reports inflate positive effects such as employment: the estimated number of jobs was cut by more than half in a revision made after the EIA and EIS (RIMA) had been approved. Not only do the reports need to be more realistic in assessing both positive and negative consequences of proposed projects, but better means are needed to ensure that promised mitigatory measures are enforced in practice. Many of the lessons that can be drawn from the Itapiranga Plan are not unique to logging projects and apply to licensing of development activites generally in Brazil and elsewhere.     

Variation in Sensitivity of Aquatic Species to Toxicants: Practical Consequences for Effect Assessment of Chemical Substances

5 –10⁶ times higher compared with less sensitive species. The use of assessment factors in effect assessment procedures may lead to an underestimation of effects on the more sensitive species. For many priority pollutants there is little information on their ecotoxicity. Predictive techniques are needed to compensate for this lack of data. Knowledge of the relation between modes of action of compounds and interspecies variation in sensitivity should be integrated in risk assessment procedures in order to make more efficient use of the limited financial resources available.     

爆破振动效应预报及减震措施

施工爆破产生的地震效应往往影响周围建筑物的安全，为了找出控制爆破地震产生的有害效应的有效措施，本文分析了爆破振动地震效应原理，指出了爆破振动速度是导致建构筑物结构破坏的一个重要物理量，它可使建筑物的正常工作受到影响。同时研究了怎样合理确定爆破地震质点振动速度，使预报更为准确。论述了控制爆破振动强度、减小振动效应的措施。