浅谈滑雪场建设项目环境影响评价

黑龙江省现有大小滑雪场近百个,由于冬季滑雪旅游不断升温,滑雪场新建、改扩建项目逐年增加.滑雪场类建设项目对环境的影响范围大、因素多、周期长,分析近几年相关项目的环评报告书中存在的问题,文章以哈尔滨某滑雪场改扩建项目环评报告为例,对滑雪场类建项目环境影响评价内容进行了全面分析,指出此类项目的评价重点和应补充完善的内容,重点是项目不同时期的环境影响,即滑雪期、积雪消融期、非滑雪期.     

生态功能区区划方法及分布--以黑龙江省为例

文章以黑龙江省为例,介绍了生态功能区划分依据及方法.生态功能区划的完成对生态保护和建设有着重要的战略意义.     

安徽省萧县皇藏峪自然保护区评价研究

选取自然性、多样性、代表性、稀有性、生态脆弱性、面积适宜性、人类威胁等指标对安徽萧县皇藏峪自然保护区进行评价。通过评价指标的等级化处理、评价指标权重的确定，计算出了皇藏峪自然保护区的综合评价指数（０７１），据此说明皇藏峪自然保护区的生态质量较好。文中还分析了皇藏峪自然保护区目前所面临的问题，提出了相应的建议。     

太白山自然保护区生态环境管理研究

分析了太白山自然保护区存在的生态问题以及生态管理问题 ,提出了对太白山自然保护区生态管理的措施。     

生物多样性保护与自然保护区关系探讨——以金佛山自然保护区为例

自然保护区的建设将促进生物多样性保护与可持续发展，而生物多样性保护也有利于自然保护区健康发展。两者之间存在紧密的联系，但在实际工作中，两者关系往往难以协调。本文以金佛山自然保护区为例，分别论述了自然保护区的功能以及保护生物多样性的重要性，从反而探讨了两者之间的关系。并针对金佛山自然保护区建设，与基于生物多样性开展的旅游业之间存在的问题提出了相应的建议。     

A Comparison of Landscapes Occupied by Increasing and Decreasing Populations of Grassland Birds

Abstract:  For several decades, many grassland bird species have been declining in abundance throughout the Midwest and Great Plains regions of the United States, possibly due to loss of natural grassland habitat and increasing urbanization. I used 20 years of data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey to identify increasing, decreasing, and stable populations of 36 grassland-nesting bird species. I characterized the immediate landscape (circle with radius = 30 km) surrounding each population based on data from the National Resources Inventory. For each landscape, I calculated the proportion of eight different land-cover types: restored grassland, rangeland, cultivated cropland, pasture, noncultivated cropland, forest, urban land, and water. Using a null model, I compared landscape composition of increasing, decreasing, and stable populations. As predicted on the basis of the habitat preferences of grassland birds, increasing populations inhabited landscapes that contained significantly more restored grassland and rangeland but significantly less forest land and urban land than landscapes inhabited by decreasing populations. There was no significant difference in the proportion of cropland within the landscapes of increasing and decreasing populations, although cropland composed a large proportion (>30%) of many landscapes. In contrast, restored grassland typically composed a very small proportion (<3.5%) of total land cover, yet it was significantly more common in the landscapes of increasing than decreasing populations. These results suggest that grassland birds may benefit from government initiatives, such as the Conservation Reserve Program, that promote the restoration of grassland at a landscape scale.     

Land cover types and ecological conditions of the Estonian coast

Detailed analysis of the land cover of the Estonian coastal zone is presented based on Estonian laws on coastal zone management, the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) system, the status of protected areas, and administrative division data of Estonia. By law the coastal zone is defined as a 200-m wide zone landward from the mean sea level line. The length of the Estonian coastline (including the islands) is 3794 km. The 200-m zone of the Estonian coast is very diverse. Out of the 34 CORINE land cover types represented in Estonia 30 are found in the coastal zone. Three dominating land cover types in the coastal zone of Estonia are inland marshes, coniferous forest and semi-natural grassland. Their total share is 47%; the other 27 land cover types represented here cover 53% of the coastal zone. The Estonian coastal zone is generally in a good natural condition. The proportion of artificial surfaces throughout the zone is merely 4.7%, while agricultural landscapes cover only ca. 10%. Land cover data for the coastal zone are also presented by county. Of the 200-m coastal zone 24% is under protection, which is more than twice the value for Estonia as a whole (11%). Legislative protection of the coastal zone is presently satisfactory. The use of the CORINE Land Cover system enables comparisons with other European regions since CLC data have been compiled for most of Europe.     

Bayesian predictive inference for the proportion of eroded land in a small area in Iowa

There is an increasing interest in the quality of soil, especially for small geographical areas. We present a method to estimate the percent of the area in a county or hydrological basin that is eroded. There are sample data (for several counties in eastern Iowa) from the National Resources Inventory and population data on land use, land capability class, rainfall and slope length and steepness. Using the Gibbs sampler we perform Bayesian predictive inference to obtain estimates for the non-sampled units. These estimates, together with the sample data, provide an estimate of the proportion of the total area that is eroded. We assess the quality of fit of our model using two cross-validation exercises and graphical methods.     

Statistical hypothesis testing formulations for U.S. environmental regulatory standards for ozone

Environmental regulatory standards are intended to protect human health and environmental welfare. Current standards are based on scientific and policy considerations but appear to lack rigorous statistical foundations and may have unintended regulatory consequences. We examine current and proposed U.S. environmental regulatory standards for ozone from the standpoint of their formulation and performance within a statistical hypothesis testing framework. We illustrate that the standards can be regarded as representing constraints on a percentile of the ozone distribution, where the percentile involved depends on the defined length of ozone season and the constraint is stricter in regions with greater variability. A hypothesis testing framework allows consideration of error rates (probability of false declaration of violation and compliance) and we show that the existing statistics on which the standards are based can be improved upon in terms of bias and variance. Our analyses also raise issues relating to network design and the possibilities of defining a regionally based standard that acknowledges and accounts for spatial and temporal variability in the ozone distribution.