活性炭纤维在机动车尾气净化中的研究与应用展望

机动车尾气净化控制的一个难点在于冷启动阶段,此时由于温度较低,催化剂尚未完全起作用,导致排出的污染物浓度较高。阐述了活性炭纤维的基本特性,特别是其低温吸附与催化性能对NO和CO的转化作用,讨论了活性炭纤维作为机动车尾气净化材料所需的改性及方法,并展望了其应用前景。     

Influence of non-reactive particle cloud on heterogeneous detonation propagation

An interaction of a detonation wave propagating in the cellular detonation mode with a cloud of inert particles is investigated numerically. The analysis of results allows the regimes of propagation of the heterogeneous plane Chapman–Jouguet and cellular detonations and their suppression to be identified. The influence of various parameters of the inert cloud is demonstrated. The critical length of the cloud sufficient for detonation suppression is determined. It is shown that the disperse composition and the nonuniform distribution of particles in the cloud are important parameters affecting the detonation propagation mode.     

钴酸镧基钙钛矿耦合非热等离子体催化转化CO2的实验研究

CO₂的减排与利用是实现碳达峰和碳中和目标的重要途径.本文通过溶胶凝胶法将Sr和Zr掺入钙钛矿型LaCoO₃结构中,合成了一系列钙钛矿催化剂,包括LaCoO₃、La_0.9Sr_0.1CoO_3-σ、La_0.9Sr_0.1Co_0.9Zr_0.1O_3+σ和La_0.9Sr_0.1Co_0.9Zr_0.1O₃,并考察了非热等离子体催化还原CO₂为CO和CH₄的性能.同时在A位掺杂Sr和B位掺杂Zr的催化剂(La_0.9Sr_0.1Co_0.9Zr_0.1O₃)反应活性最高,其CO₂转化率为28.7...     

CeCl3和CeO2对松木屑的催化热解作用研究

以松木屑为研究对象,分别负载CeCl₃和CeO₂两种催化剂,制备松木屑原位催化热解原料,探究不同添加比例的CeCl₃和CeO₂两种催化剂在不同热解温度下对松木屑热解产物的产率和气体组分的影响。结果表明:在CeCl₃和CeO₂两种催化剂的催化作用下均能使热解气和焦炭产率增加、焦油产率减小,且随着两种催化剂添加比例的增加,松木屑热解产物的产率和气体组分均有所变化;在650℃的热解温度下,与无催化剂相比,当CeCl₃添加比为10.0%时焦油产率降低至53.05%,下降了11.70%,当CeCl₃添加比为7.5%时热解气产率达到最大值18.58%,当CeCl₃添加比为10.0%时焦炭产率为26.85%,增加了7.48%,热解气H₂和CO₂组分的百分比含量显著增加;当CeO₂添加比为7.5%时焦油产率达到最小值59.95%,下降了4.80%,当CeO₂添加比为10.0%时热解气产率增加了2.39%,当CeO₂添加比为10.0%时焦炭产率相对较大值为21.66%,增加了2.29%,各热解气组分的百分比含量变化较小;在原位催化热解中,CeCl₃催化剂的催化效果优于CeO₂催化剂。     

多活性位点的磁性氮掺杂石墨烯活化过一硫酸盐研究

通过简单的一锅法制备Fe₂O₃、Fe₃N、单原子Fe（SA-Fe）和N掺杂的磁性石墨烯材料（Fe-MNG）应用于催化活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）.结果表明,Fe-MNG/PMS体系可在宽的pH范围（3-10）氧化降解磺胺异恶唑（SIZ）,降解率均达到99%以上.经过五次循环使用其对SIZ的降解率仍保持在95%以上.Fe-MNG中的SA-Fe、N等活性位点可高效催化活化PMS产生各种活性氧物种（ROS）.淬灭实验和电子顺磁共振波谱分析表明Fe-MNG/PMS体系中产生多种ROS,包括硫酸根自由基（SO₄·^-）、羟基自由基（HO·）和单线态氧（¹O₂）,证明存在自由基和非自由基两种氧化过程.此外,Fe-MNG具有大的比表面积（446.18m²/g）,能将水中有机微污染物吸附富集到材料表面,同时在Fe-MNG表面催化PMS产生大量ROS,实现对有机微污染物的原位、高效氧化去除.Fe-MNG还具有磁性,易于分离和回收,具有潜在的应用前景.     

Nano Fe2O3 embedded in montmorillonite with citric acid enhanced photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles towards diethyl phthalate

Nano-Fe₂O₃ embedded in montmorillonite particles (Fe-Mt) were prepared to degrade diethyl phthalate (DEP) with citric acid (CA) under xenon light irradiation. Compared to pristine montmorillonite (Na-Mt), the embedding process increased 14.5-fold of iron content and 1.8-fold of specific surface area. The synthesized Fe-Mt have more oxygen vacancies than Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles (nFe₂O₃), which could induce more reactive oxygen species (ROSs) generation in the presence of CA under xenon lamp irradiation. Fe-Mt with CA enhanced photo-assisted degradation of DEP 2.5 times as compared to nFe₂O₃ with CA. Quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and identification of products confirmed that surface-bound ?OH was the main radical to degrade DEP. Common anions (i.e., NO₃^?, CO₃^2?, Cl^?) and humic acid could compete ?OH with DEP and cause slower degradation of DEP. The removal efficiency of DEP was more than 56% with Fe-Mt after three recycles, and the dissolved Fe concentration from Fe-Mt was below 75 μmol/L, indicating Fe-Mt had a good stability as a catalyst. Fe-Mt together with CA appeared to be a promising strategy to remove organic pollutants in surface water, or topsoil under solar irradiation.     

具有双反应活性中心Cu-Al2O3-g-C3N4类芬顿催化剂及·OH选择性转化机理研究

采用水热合成法制备Cu-Al₂O₃-g-C₃N₄类芬顿催化剂,以扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、电子自旋共振（EPR）、拉曼光谱（Raman）对所制备的催化剂及反应过程进行表征.以染料亚甲基蓝（MB）和罗丹明B（Rh-B）及小分子有机物2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）、双酚A（BPA）和苯妥英（PHT）为目标污染物,研究催化剂在初始pH=7条件下的类芬顿催化活性.同时,探讨Cu掺杂量和有机物配体g-C₃N₄掺杂量对体系催化性能的影响,并验证晶格氧诱发与有机配体络合两种方式对催化剂活性和稳定性提高产生的影响.DMPO-EPR自由基测定实验及Raman光谱监测催化反应过程验证表明：Cu的晶格氧掺杂诱发了靠近铜晶格O₂^·-的富电子Cu中心,以及靠近铝晶格O₂^·-的缺电子Al中心;引入的g-C₃N₄以阳离子π作用形式通过σ-型Cu—O—C键桥将π体系上的电子转移至Cu,形成一个新的缺电子π中心.在H₂O₂存在的情况下,富电子Cu中心将电子传递给H₂O₂,使其被还原为·OH;同时,体系中H₂O的电子被缺电子中心剥夺,进而氧化为·OH.羟基自由基转化率TOFs值的进一步计算结果表明,Cu-Al₂O₃-g-C₃N₄体系中TOF值为0.516 s^-1,是传统均相芬顿体系TOF值（1.53×10^-2 s^-1）的33倍以上.     

以一种黏土矿物材料为非均相类芬顿催化剂对甲基橙的降解

为实现以甲基橙为代表的偶氮类染料的高效降解,采用一种黏土矿物材料——Quantum Energy? Radiating Material（下称QE）为催化剂,系统分析了其在非均相类芬顿反应中的催化剂协同静态吸附作用,并考察了不同因素对甲基橙去除效果的影响,同时基于降解过程中Fe2+和总Fe析出量（以ρ计）、·OH等的变化过程,探讨了QE降解甲基橙的作用机制.结果表明,QE对甲基橙具有良好的吸附作用,同时,其作为非均相类芬顿催化剂对甲基橙的降解受到pH、温度、c（H₂O₂）、催化剂投加量等因素的影响.优化后的降解条件:初始ρ（甲基橙）为50 mg/L、QE投加量为5 g/L、c（H₂O₂）为100 mmol/L、pH为2、温度为60℃,在该条件下反应40 min后,甲基橙的去除率可达到99%.以叔丁醇作为·OH淬灭剂,随着c（叔丁醇）的增高,反应体系中甲基橙的去除率随之下降,说明·OH在该体系甲基橙降解中起重要作用;对在反应过程中Fe2+和总Fe析出量的监测数据表明,体系中QE对甲基橙的降解为均相芬顿反应、非均相芬顿反应和吸附作用协同作用的结果.研究显示,以QE为催化剂,通过吸附协同催化氧化作用可以有效处理含甲基橙的染料废水.      

Disentangling the effects of heterogeneity, stochastic dynamics and sampling in a community of aquatic insects

A dynamic and heterogeneous species abundance model generating the lognormal species abundance distribution is fitted to time series of species data from an assemblage of stoneflies and mayflies (Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera) of an aquatic insect community collected over a period of 15 years. In each year except one, we analyze 5 parallel samples taken at the same time of the season giving information about the over-dispersion in the sampling relative to the Poisson distribution. Results are derived from a correlation analysis, where the correlation in the bivariate normal distribution of log abundance is used as measurement of similarity between communities. The analysis enables decomposition of the variance of the lognormal species abundance distribution into three components due to heterogeneity among species, stochastic dynamics driven by environmental noise, and over-dispersion in sampling, accounting for 62.9, 30.6 and 6.5% of the total variance, respectively. Corrected for sampling the heterogeneity and stochastic components accordingly account for 67.3 and 32.7% of the among species variance in log abundance. By using this method, it is possible to disentangle the effect of heterogeneity and stochastic dynamics by quantifying these components and correctly remove sampling effects on the observed species abundance distribution.     

二氧化氯催化氧化法处理PTA废水的研究

叙述了PTA废水国内外处理技术状况,实验中系统地考察了pH、反应时间和氧化剂投加量对COD值、色度去除率的影响,优化了废水处理的操作条件,最终以较低的成本和方便的操作将PTA混合污水的COD值降至420mg/L左右,该废水可进入生物降解系统进行处理使其COD值降至150mg/L以下。方法操作简单,工艺流程合理,处理效果好,可操作性强,环境友好。