低温等离子体催化降解烟气中甲苯的研究

本研究开发了等离子体微放电填充床反应器和等离子体微放电填充床反应系统,采用多孔陶瓷作为填充床材料,用控制变量法探索了停留时间、放电电压、催化剂负载量、初始浓度、能量密度等因素对反应系统的甲苯去除能力的影响.结果发现,上述因素的最优组合参数为：1.1s、9.5kV、负载量为15%,物质的量比为0.25的Co/Mn催化剂、189.52mg/m³、6000J/L.同时,对多孔陶瓷填充床进行了SEM和XRD等表征研究,研究表明,Mn催化剂包括Mn₂O₃和Mn₃O₄晶体;Co/Mn催化剂包括CoMnO₃和MnO₂晶体;Fe/Mn催化剂包括FeMnO₃、Fe₂O₃和Mn₂O₃晶体,并且Mn催化剂比Co/Mn催化剂和Fe/Mn催化剂的晶体颗粒更加均匀.     

糠醛生产废渣直接转化为复合肥的研究

以稻草为原料,用硫酸作催化剂,分别添加过磷酸钙,重钙和复合添加剂,常压水解,温度１１０℃－１４０℃,添加剂与原料比１：２－１：３,液因比３：１－４：１,水解时间２－３ｈ,出醛率较一般硫酸法高３％－４％,渣ｐＨ≈７,有效磷和钾的含量均达到复合磷钾肥标准。     

光/电/化学催化降解水中二甲基甲酰胺的反应特性

设计了以负载型TiO₂薄膜电极为阳极,以高纯多孔石墨为阴极,以饱和甘汞电极为参比电极的光/电/化学催化反应器,对二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)溶液进行降解. TiO₂/Ti薄膜电极能对阳极槽中的DMF进行降解;同时,阴极槽中产生的过氧化氢(H₂O₂)可与亚铁离子形成Fenton催化体系,对DMF溶液也具有良好的降解作用. 结果表明,在以0.02 mol/L的Na₂SO₄和0.01 mol/L的FeSO₄混合溶液作为支持电解质,初始pH为3.5,阴极电位(-E_c)为0.66 V,曝气强度为1.5 L/min和反应时间为60 min等的条件下,阳极槽和阴极槽中DMF的去除率分别达到85.10%和82.95%.      

不同催化剂在等离子体空气净化器中的应用

实验证明利用等离子体技术去除室内空气中的挥发性有机物,在合适的流量和较高的放电电压下,可以达到90%以上的去除效果。但是如果对其产生的臭氧、CO等气体不加以处理,会对室内空气造成二次污染。本研究以等离子体技术净化室内空气后产生的尾气为研究对象,考察利用催化转化技术去除这类尾气的效果,并探讨合适的后置催化剂和催化温度。     

半导体多相光催化技术研究现状及发展趋势

半导体多相光催化技术是光化学领域和环保领域中的研究热点之一。本文综述了半导体多相光催化反应机理、反应动力学、影响半导体多相光催化降解的因素、目前半导体多相光催化技术在实际环境中的应用,并对其前景及发展方向作出展望。     

透明Cl-TiO2水分散液的制备及其可见光降解甲苯和灭菌的性能

开发具有高稳定性和高可见光活性的光催化剂透明分散液对光催化材料的实际应用至关重要.本文采用非水解溶胶凝胶法制备了透明Cl掺杂TiO₂分散液(Cl-TiO₂).该分散液经过60 d仍能保持稳定,没有颗粒沉降.与商用P25、PEG400-TiO₂相比,Cl-TiO₂具有最优的可见光降解甲苯的光催化活性,并且具有良好的循环稳定性.Cl-TiO₂在可见光下同时具有优异的灭菌效果,对大肠杆菌的灭菌率达到98.75%.其优异的可见光响应性归因于Cl掺杂增强了对可见光的吸收,提高了电子空穴的分离效率.Cl-TiO₂水分散液良好的稳定性得益于表面带有的电荷以及较小的水合粒径.这项工作为光催化剂用于改善室内环境提供了新策略.     

Gas-phase and aerosol chemistry interactions in South Europe and the Mediterranean region

The atmospheric chemical composition is affected by the interaction mechanisms among gases and particulate matter through a wide range of chemical reactions that can occur with the aid of particulate matter (e.g. particles act as reacting or absorbing surfaces) or be influenced by the presence of particulate matter in the atmosphere (photochemical reactions). Physical and chemical processes are also bonded in an interactive way that often leads to the influence of the radiation budget, cloud physics and the warming or cooling of the lower atmospheric levels. The Euro-Mediterranean region is a key-sensitive area due to the unique climatic and air quality characteristics associated with the regional climatic patterns, geomorphology (land and water contrast) and coexistence of pollutants from different origin. Focusing on this region, the gas-aerosol interactions are studied using state-of-the-art atmospheric and chemical transport modeling tools following the necessary development in the chemical transport model CAMx. Sensitivity and large-scale simulations have shown significant responses of the modeling system to the inclusion of natural species emissions, the direct shading effect of dust particles on photochemical processes and the formation of new types of aerosols through heterogeneous uptake of gases on dust particles. Including such interactions in the chemical transport model often led to the improvement of the model performance compared with available measurements in the region.     

New Fe-immobilized natural bentonite plate used as photo-Fenton catalyst for organic pollutant degradation

Novel photo-Fenton catalysts were prepared by immobilizing iron species on commercial bentonite plates via two methods: (1) ion exchange reaction (Fe³⁺ vs. Na⁺) by aqueous suspension powder-clay/FeCl₃ followed by plate preparation, and (2) forced hydrolysis of Fe(NO₃)₃ onto a prefabricated clay plate. The last method led to a more photo-active Fe-oxide/bentonite plate. This material allowed, at a non-adjusted initial pH of 5.5 and in the presence of H₂O₂, the total degradation of resorcinol and 55% mineralization in 80 and 100 min of irradiation, respectively. The reached degradation percentages were correlated to the presence of dissolved iron, demonstrating that in these processes, the homogeneous photo-Fenton reactions were mainly responsible for the resorcinol elimination.Likewise, in slurry system, where clay has normally an increased surface area, there was no increase in activity because of a reduced leached iron probably due to the diminished light penetration in the suspension. Despite the lower surface area, in comparison to that of the slurry, the clay plates have the advantage, as heterogeneous photo-catalysts, that separation of the reaction media after treatment is not needed, and thus, a potential use for batch and continuous reaction systems is proposed.     

A multi-flowpath model for the interpretation of immiscible displacement experiments in heterogeneous soil columns

This work focuses on the phenomenon of the immiscible two-phase flow of water and oil in saturated heterogeneous soil columns. The goal is to develop a fast and reliable method for quantifying soil heterogeneities for incorporation into the relevant capillary pressure and relative permeability functions. Such data are commonly used as input data in simulators of contaminant transport in the subsurface. Rate-controlled drainage experiments are performed on undisturbed soil columns and the transient response of the axial distribution of water saturation is determined from electrical measurements. The transient responses of the axial distribution of water saturation and total pressure drop are fitted with the multi-flowpath model (MFPM) where the pore space is regarded as a system of parallel paths of different permeability. The MFPM enables us to quantify soil heterogeneity at two scales: the micro-scale parameters describe on average the effects of pore network heterogeneities on the two-phase flow pattern; the macro-scale parameters indicate the variability of permeability at the scale of interconnected pore networks. The capillary pressure curve is consistent with that measured with mercury intrusion porosimetry over the low pressure range. The oil relative permeability increases sharply at a very low oil saturation (< 10^− 3) and tends to a high end value. The water relative permeability decreases abruptly at a low oil saturation (~ 0.1), whereas the irreducible wetting phase saturation is quite high. The foregoing characteristics of the two-phase flow properties are associated with critical (preferential) flowpaths that comprise a very small percentage of the total pore volume, control the overall hydraulic conductivity, and are consistent with the very broad range of pore-length scales usually probed in soil porous matrix.     

生物酶催化技术应用于卡拉胶废水处理工程

卡拉胶废水成分复杂,含有难生化降解的有机污染物种类多,且浓度高,碱性大,含盐量高,按现有的处理工艺,很难达到排放标准。本文以福建省石狮市中科海藻制品发展有限公司卡拉胶废水处理工程为例,阐述了生物酶催化技术在卡拉胶废水处理中的应用。通过在生化系统建立酶体系,利用生物酶催化作用,提高废水中难降解有机物的可生化性与可处理性,从而使出水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)规定的一级排放标准。