改良硫酸法制取糠醛联产复合肥新工艺研究

研究了以稻草和麦杆为原料 ,用改良硫酸法制取糠醛的工艺条件 ,结果表明 :用 2 0 %硫酸 (液固为 2 5∶1) ,加入复合添加剂 (Ⅰ )或 (Ⅱ )添加比例为 15 %～ 30 % ,常压 ,10 0℃蒸馏 2h ,出醛率达理论出醛率的 70 %～ 80 % ,废渣全部变为中性复合肥料     

Evaluation and impact factors of indoor and outdoor gas-phase nitrous acid under different environmental conditions

As an important indoor pollutant, nitrous acid (HONO) can contribute to the concentration of indoor OH radicals by photolysis via sunlight penetrating into indoor environments, thus affecting the indoor oxidizing capability. In order to investigate the concentration of indoor HONO and its impact factors, three different indoor environments and two different locations in urban and suburban areas were selected to monitor indoor and outdoor pollutants simultaneously, including HONO, NO, NO₂, nitrogen oxides (NO_x), O₃, and particle mass concentration. In general, the concentration of indoor HONO was higher than that outdoors. In the urban area, indoor HONO with high average concentration (7.10 ppbV) was well-correlated with the temperature. In the suburban area, the concentration of indoor HONO was only about 1-2 ppbV, and had a good correlation with indoor relative humidity. It was mainly attributed to the heterogeneous reaction of NO₂ on indoor surfaces. The sunlight penetrating into indoor environments from outside had a great influence on the concentration of indoor HONO, leading to a concentration of indoor HONO close to that outdoors.     

基于缺陷重构的类芬顿光催化剂在降解染料废水中的应用

近年来,通过缺陷调控提高催化剂催化性能引起了广泛关注,而缺陷重构过程对光催化-类芬顿耦合反应的影响仍鲜有研究.本文将含铁多酸分子强耦合到富含氧空位缺陷的二氧化钛(TiO_2)光催化剂(P25)表面,考察了缺陷形成和二次重构过程对光催化-类芬顿协同催化降解有机染料活性的影响.结果表明,单氰胺复合后二次煅烧有利于H2气氛处理生成的氧空位进行空间分布重构,重构后的缺陷更为有利于TiO_2表面的光生电荷向含铁多酸分子界面转移.借助TiO_2光催化剂光生电荷分离能力的提升和类芬顿试剂活性位点的增强,缺陷重构的类芬顿光催化剂在降解亚甲基蓝染料的反应中催化活性提高了13倍.     

Ag/TiO_2对邻硝基氯苯废水的催化氧化降解

以自制的Ag/TiO2为催化剂,过碳酸钠(SPC)作氧化剂催化氧化降解邻硝基氯苯(oCNB),考察了催化剂种类、催化剂用量、SPC用量、底物浓度、反应温度及添加无机盐对降解反应的影响。实验结果表明:当催化剂用量1.57×10-6mol、底物浓度6.35×10-4mol/L、SPC用量3.18×10-3mol、温度40℃时,降解率可达到约94%。添加碱金属与碱土金属的卤化物对反应有促进作用,降解率可达99%,因此,利用本方法可以有效降解废水中的邻硝基氯苯。根据实验结果对过碳酸钠氧化邻硝基氯苯的机理进行了推测。     

挥发性有机废气净化技术研究进展

综述了微波催化氧化、膜基吸收净化、生物过滤净化和纳米材料净化对废气中的挥发性有机化合物的研究进展及应用     

活性炭负载TiO2催化臭氧氧化去除水中酚的研究

本文采用活性炭负载TiO2作催化剂对臭氧氧化去除含酚废水进行了研究．研究了不同的酚初始浓度、pH值及臭氧浓度对苯酚去除率的影响，获得了反应动力学常数．实验结果表明：苯酚初始浓度越小，去除率越高．在本实验条件下，向150mL苯酚溶液中通入浓度为3．48mg/L、流量为0．05m^3／h的臭氧化空气反应30min去除率即可达到99％以上。     

PM2.5 concentration declining saves health expenditure in China

● Monthly hospitalization expenses are sensitive to increases in PM_2.5 exposure. ● The increased PM_2.5 causes patients with CHD and LRI to stay longer in the hospital. ● The impact of PM_2.5 on total expenses for stroke is greater in southern China. ● Males may be more sensitive to air pollution than females. Air pollution has been a severe issue in China. Exposure to PM_2.5 has adverse health effects and causes economic losses. This study investigated the economic impact of exposure to PM_2.5 pollution using monthly city-level data covering 88.5 million urban employees in 2016 and 2017. This study mainly focused on three expenditure indicators to measure the economic impact considering lower respiratory infections (LRIs), coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke. The results show that a 10 µg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 would cause total monthly expenses of LRIs, CHD, and stroke to increase by 0.226%, 0.237%, and 0.374%, respectively. We also found that LRI, CHD, and stroke hospital admissions increased significantly by 10%, 8.42%, and 5.64%, respectively. Furthermore, the total hospital stays of LRIs, CHDs, and strokes increased by 2.49%, 2. 51%, and 1.64%, respectively. Our findings also suggest heterogeneous impacts of PM_2.5 exposures by sex and across regions, but no statistical evidence shows significant differences between the older and younger adult subgroups. Our results provide several policy implications for reducing unequal public health expenditures in overpolluted countries.     

负载TiO2/Fe^3＋的玻璃纤维反应器光催化苯酚

以玻璃纤维为载体,将TiO2负载到其表面形成了空间玻璃纤维反应器,引入Fe3＋作为掺杂改性离子,形成了负载TiO2/Fe^3＋的空间玻璃纤维光催化反应器,并以高压汞灯为光源进行了光催化降解水中苯酚的实验研究,考察了影响苯酚光催化降解的因素,确定了在UV365-250 W光源照射下,pH为3-5,O2通入量1.0 L/（min.L）,反应器内上升流速为0.7 m/min等实验条件下,初始浓度为30 mg/L的苯酚废水经120 min光催化反应后,降解率可达到85%,矿化率可达80%。     

Attenuation of a point blast shock wave in the dusty air

The behavior of the blast impulse initiated by a point blast in the dusty air is investigated theoretically. It is shown that the jumps of parameters at the shock front in the dusty air follow other regularities in comparison with the case of an ideal gas, beginning from the distance of three dynamic radii, so at ten dynamic radii the difference in overpressure exceeds 60%. When the air heterogeneity is taken into account, substantial gradual changes of wave profile come over and the total blast wave impulse can't be determined by the front overpressure only. The known far asymptotic law takes no place in the point blast flow at the volume dust densities ρ₂₀ > 3·10^?3 kg/m³. In contrast to the ideal gas, the shock front discontinuity vanishes in the dusty air at a finite distance from its origin and the blast wave eventually turns into a dispersive wave without discontinuity. The wave structure changing is studied in the process of the shock wave transformation into the dispersive wave.     

Analysis of the experimental results of the initiation of detonation in short tubes with kerosene–oxidizer mixtures

The paper describes the experimental investigation of detonation initiation in a mixture of kerosene–oxidant in a short test tube. Various mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen were used as an oxidant, from pure oxygen to the composition of air. The goal of the study was to determine the minimum diameter of the tube and the minimum level of energy needed for the direct initiation of detonation. As a result of the measurements the pressure courses were obtained for two kinds of cases: with and without (only shock waves) of fuel injection. The results of both kinds of measurements were compared, providing information about the initiation of detonation in a fuel–oxidizer mixture. Brief analyses of the results for different initiators and different oxidizers were performed and compared with the shock wave and Chapman–Jouget velocity.