SCR催化剂失活机理与再生技术的研究综述

催化剂作为SCR的核心部件,其中毒与再生受到了广泛的关注。介绍了催化剂的失活原因,包括物理失活及中毒失活,重点阐明其失活机理,针对不同失活原因,综述了现有的催化剂再生技术如水洗再生、热再生、还原再生等,并对催化剂再生的发展前景做出展望。     

紫外催化湿式双氧水氧化处理化学镀铜废液

利用化学镀铜废液自身含有的铜作为催化剂,应用紫外催化湿式双氧水氧化工艺处理化学镀铜废液取得了良好效果。通过单因素实验确定的推荐工艺条件为：pH=2.0（保持原始值不变）;不额外投加铜催化剂;H₂O₂用量为2倍理论量。在此条件下处理化学镀铜废液180 min,COD去除率可达到96.6%;之后采用沉淀法回收铜,调节处理后废水pH到9.5,铜的回收率可达到99.8%。     

介孔材料在水处理中的应用

介孔材料由于具有一系列独特的性质,如较高比表面积、较大且连续可调的孔径等,使其在化工、医药、环境保护、纳米功能材料等领域得到了广泛的研究和应用。本文从介孔材料作为吸附剂和催化剂两个方面综述了其在水处理中的应用,并对应用中存在的问题和前景作了分析。     

中小型工业窑炉NO_x废气的净化技术与应用

介绍了中小型工业窑炉生产过程中排放NOx的现状,并针对NOx的治理问题,从工程应用角度,简述了湿法和干法净化NOx的原理和化学反应过程。讨论了NOx排放特性和NOx废气中NO2/NOx比例的问题。提出了影响NOx治理的主要因素,包括吸收剂、吸附剂、催化剂和设备的部分应用参数,并结合工程实例指出工程需要注意的问题。介绍了多项采用湿法和干法净化NOx的工程应用项目,丰富了中小工业窑炉NOx废气的治理的实践经验,为中小工业窑炉排放NOx治理奠定了基础。     

Woody biomass and RPF gasification using reforming catalyst and calcium oxide

This study focused on steam gasification and reforming of waste biomass using a reforming catalyst. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the durability of a commercial Ni reforming catalyst and the effect of CaO on the reforming behavior, and to clarify detailed factors of catalytic performance, as well as the effect of operating parameters on the characteristics of produced gas composition. Moreover, catalyst regeneration was carried out and the behavior of catalytic activity based on gas composition was investigated. Using a fluidized bed gasifier and a fixed bed reformer, gasification and reforming of waste biomass were carried out. Commercial Ni-based catalyst and calcined limestone (CaO) were applied to the reforming reaction. Temperature of the gasifier and reformer was almost 1023 K. Ratio of steam to carbon in the feedstock [mol mol⁻¹] and equivalence ratio (i.e., ratio of actual to theoretical amount of oxygen) [-] were set at about 2 and 0.3, respectively. The feed rate of the feedstock into the bench-scale gasifier was almost 15 kg h⁻¹. The results of waste biomass gasification confirmed the improvement in H₂ composition by the CO₂ absorption reaction using the reforming catalyst and CaO. In addition, CaO proved to be especially effective in decreasing the tar concentration in the case of woody biomass gasification. Catalytic activity was maintained by means of catalyst regeneration processing by hydrogen reduction after air oxidation when woody biomass was used as feedstock.     

Disentangling the effects of heterogeneity, stochastic dynamics and sampling in a community of aquatic insects

A dynamic and heterogeneous species abundance model generating the lognormal species abundance distribution is fitted to time series of species data from an assemblage of stoneflies and mayflies (Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera) of an aquatic insect community collected over a period of 15 years. In each year except one, we analyze 5 parallel samples taken at the same time of the season giving information about the over-dispersion in the sampling relative to the Poisson distribution. Results are derived from a correlation analysis, where the correlation in the bivariate normal distribution of log abundance is used as measurement of similarity between communities. The analysis enables decomposition of the variance of the lognormal species abundance distribution into three components due to heterogeneity among species, stochastic dynamics driven by environmental noise, and over-dispersion in sampling, accounting for 62.9, 30.6 and 6.5% of the total variance, respectively. Corrected for sampling the heterogeneity and stochastic components accordingly account for 67.3 and 32.7% of the among species variance in log abundance. By using this method, it is possible to disentangle the effect of heterogeneity and stochastic dynamics by quantifying these components and correctly remove sampling effects on the observed species abundance distribution.     

Investigation of phosphate adsorption from an aqueous solution using spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst containing lanthanum

A spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst containing lanthanum (La) was used as a novel adsorbent for phosphorus (P) in simulated wastewater. The experiments were conducted in a batch system to optimize the operation variables, including pH, calcination temperature, shaking time, solid-liquid ratio, and reaction temperature under three initial P-concentrations (C₀ = 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/L). Orthogonal analysis was used to determine that the initial P-concentration was the most important parameter for P removal. The P-removal rate exceeded 99% and the spent FCC catalyst was more suitable for use in low P-concentration wastewater (C₀ <5.0 mg/L). Isotherms, thermodynamics and dynamics of adsorption are used to analyze the mechanism of phosphorus removal. The results show that the adsorption is an endothermic reaction with high affinity and poor reversibility, which indicates a low risk of second releasing of phosphate. Moreover, chemical and physical adsorption coexist in this adsorption process with LaPO₄ and KH₂PO₄ formed on the spent FCC catalyst as the adsorption product. These results demonstrate that the spent FCC catalyst containing La is a potential adsorbent for P-removal from wastewater, which allows recycling of the spent FCC catalyst to improve the quality of water body.

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Removal of toluene from air streams by cobalt-copper bimetallic catalysts supported on sepiolite

Abstract

Oxidative removal of toluene using copper and cobalt bimetallic catalysts with varying molar ratios supported on sepiolite was investigated. The catalysts prepared by a deposition precipitation method and were characterized using X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, field emission scanning electron microscopy, H₂-temperature-programmed reduction, transmission electron microscope, and inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The species supported on sepiolite are Co₃O₄, CuO, and CuCo₂O₄. The activities of the tested catalysts increased in the order 0Co-4Cu/Sep <1Co-3Cu/Sep <4Co-0Cu/Sep <1Co-1Cu/Sep <3Co-1Cu/Sep. The latter exhibiting 90% toluene oxidative degradation at 288?°C within 15?h, having high selectivity towards CO₂, and being stable at 300?°C up to 15?h. In conclusion, this study showed that sepiolite has excellent properties as a support.     

催化湿式氧化法处理三环唑生产废水

在高压釜中进行了三环唑农药生产敦水间歇催化湿式氧化试验，结果表明，该法处理高浓度有有毒有机废水是有效的。在试验条件下，ＣＯＤ去除率达８０％。反应温度对处理效果影响最大，铜系催化剂具有较高的催化活性。     

Nb掺杂对CeO2-SnO2催化剂NH3-SCR活性的促进作用

NH₃选择性催化还原 (NH₃-SCR) 是柴油车尾气NO_x净化的主流技术。将Nb引入CeO₂-SnO₂得到了一种新型的CeSnNbO_x金属氧化物催化剂,考察了Nb掺杂对催化剂结构、元素价态、活性位点、氧化还原性能、表面酸性和吸附性能的影响,并结合BET、XRD、XPS、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD和in situ DRIFTS等多种表征手段明确了Nb对该催化剂活性的促进作用。结果表明,Ce₁Sn₂Nb₁O_x催化剂表现出最佳活性,在温度为250~500 ℃时,达到接近100%的NO_x转化率。Nb掺杂改善了催化剂的比表面积和总孔体积,合理调控了催化剂表面酸性和氧化还原性能。此外,催化剂表面高度分散的Nb物种可能与Ce物种耦合形成新的Ce-O-Nb活性位点,有助于催化剂NH₃-SCR性能的提升。本研究可为开发高效Ce基氧化物催化剂提供参考。